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anatomy: perception Flashcards

1
Q

input of the somatosensory system comes from..

A

exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors

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2
Q

ascending pathways come in through the __ horn and descending pathways go out through the __ horn

A

dorsal
ventral

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3
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A

relays PAIN and TEMP info to dorsal horn
- synapses on spinothalamic neuron which crosses midline and ascends to thalamus

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4
Q

dorsal white columns include…

A

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
(for fine touch axons - don’t terminate right away)

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5
Q

PROCESSING AT CIRCUIT LEVEL: EXAM!!!

A

chains of 3 neurons conduct SENSORY impulses up to the cerebral sensory cortex

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6
Q

PROCESSING AT CIRCUIT LEVEL: EXAM!!!
first-order neurons

A
  • cell body in dorsal root or cranial ganglia (periphery)
  • impulses from skin to spinal cord/ brain stem
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7
Q

PROCESSING AT CIRCUIT LEVEL: EXAM!!!
second-order neurons

A
  • cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei
    -axons CROSS midline (decussate) and transmit impulses to thalamus/ cerebellum
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8
Q

PROCESSING AT CIRCUIT LEVEL: EXAM!!!
third-order neurons

A
  • in thalamus
    -conduct impulses to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum
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9
Q

three features to all sensory systems

A

vision
audition
taste

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10
Q

vision

A

primary sensory neuron - bipolar cell
second order neuron - ganglion cell, axon crosses midline in optic chiasm to innervate thalamus and visual cortex

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11
Q

audition

A

primary sensory neuron- bipolar cell in spiral ganglion
second order neuron - superior oliveri nucleus in brain stem, axons cross midline, project to thalamus and auditory cerebral cortex

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12
Q

taste

A
  • taste buds activate sensory endings of geniculate ganglia gustatory neurons which innervate…
    second order neurons - solitary nucleus in medulla, crosses midline and projects to thalamus and gustatory cortex
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13
Q

spinothalamic pathways

A

POORLY LOCALIZED TOUCH (CRUDE TOUCH) - anterior (not lateral)
- pain, pressure, temp

  • second-order neurons - in posterior gray horns
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14
Q

posterior white column pathways (dorsal column-medial lemniscus)

A

HIGHLY LOCALIZED (FINE TOUCH)
- proprioception, pressure, vibration

  • pathway begins at peripheral receptor
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15
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract

A

POORLY LOCALIZED (CRUDE TOUCH)
- pressure

1st - dorsal root ganglion
2nd - dorsal horn of spinal cord (cross over)
3rd - thalamus (ventral nucleus) / cerebellum
terminates - primary sensory cortex

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16
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A
  • pain
  • temp

1st - dorsal root ganglion
2nd - dorsal horn of spinal cord (cross over)
3rd - thalamus (ventral nucleus) / cerebellum
terminates - primary sensory cortex

17
Q

posterior white column tracts/ pathways

A

HIGHLY LOCALIZED (FINE TOUCH)
- proprioception, pressure, vibration

1st - dorsal root ganglion
2nd - MEDULLA (brain, not spinal column!) (cross over)
1. nucleus gracilis - lower limbs/ trunk
2. nucleus cuneatus - upper limbs/ trunk
- these 2 neurons travel together in MEDIAL LEMNISCUS
(bundled nerve tract) from medulla to thalamus/
cerebellum
3rd - thalamus (ventral nucleus) / cerebellum
terminates - primary sensory cortex

18
Q

decussation

A

crossing within CNS
crossings in PNS: chiasma

19
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

FACE SENSORY

fine touch compartment for face: ends in principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal (like dorsal column nucleli)

pain compartment for face: ends in spinal nucleus of trigeminal (like spinal cord gray matter)

20
Q

(somatotopy) somatosensory cortex has a one to one mapping with…

A

sensory receptive fields
- higher density sensory receptive field = bigger area of sensory cortex (MORE receptive fields [less branched], not bigger receptive fields)

21
Q

main aspects of sensory perception

A
  1. perceptual detection
    -detecting stimulus has occurred
  2. magnitude estimation
    - how much stimulus
  3. spatial discrimination
    - size or pattern of stimulus
22
Q

processing at perceptual level: THALAMUS projects fibers to…

A
  • somatosensory cortex
  • sensory association areas
23
Q

main aspects of sensory perception

A
  1. feature abstraction
    - identify substance based on specific texture/ shape
  2. quality discrimination
    - identify submodalities of sensation (sweet or sour)
  3. pattern recognition
    - recognize patterns in stimuli (melody, familiar face)
24
Q

lots of pain and temp ends in the…

A

spinal cord

25
Q

muscle spindle (proprioceptor organ)

A

muscle length

  • encapsulated
    -inside is “intrafusal” - spindle is fusiform
  • main body of muscle is innervated by ALPHA-MOTOR NEURON nerve terminal (orange)
  • inside muscle spindle is innervated by GAMMA-MOTOR NEURON (purple)
  • inside muscle spindle is spiral winding (blue) muscle afferent, it determines DEGREE AND RATE OF CONTRACTION of small muscle fiber in muscle spindle, ANULOSPIRAL ENDINGS
26
Q

contraction of quads (monosynaptic reflex) - simplest form of integration center

EXAM

A
  1. strike patellar ligament, stretches muscle spindle
  2. muscle spindle afferents fire AP through dorsal root into spinal cord gray matter
  3. sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons to excite extrafusal fibers of quad (excites quad motor neurons)… sensory neurons also synapse with inhibitory interneurons (motor neurons) controlling antagonist muscle (hamstrings)
  4. quad motor neurons excited (contract - to resist/ reverse stretch) and inhibit (decrease firing rate of hamstring motor neuron so it relaxes - reciprocal inhibition)
27
Q

precommand level

A

HIGHEST LEVEL
cerebellum and basal nuclei
- programs and instructions

28
Q

projection level

A

MIDDLE LEVEL
motor cortex and brainstem nuclei
- sends instructions to spinal cord motor neurons and higher levels
- somatosensory and muscle spindle receptors

29
Q

segmental level

A

LOWEST LEVEL
spinal cord
- central pattern generators (CPGs)
- REFLEX activity

30
Q

stimulus intensity is encoded by action potential frequency

A

intensity of peripheral stimuli is related to peripheral stimuli and CNS activity

!!!more frequency of APs at nerve terminal = more NT released = GREATER graded potential in postsynaptic neuron = higher frequency APs
*receptor potentials vary with strength of stimulus, but APs increase in frequency with stimulus intensity

variable stimulus intensity produces –> variable receptor potentials which produces –> variable patterns of APs in CNS

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