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anatomy: auditory Flashcards

1
Q

external ear

A

collects sound waves and passes them inwards

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2
Q

external ear: auricle (PINNA)

A

cartilage covered with skin
funnels sound into external auditory canal

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3
Q

external ear: external auditory canal (ACOUSTIC MEATUS)

A

sound down this canal causes vibration of eardrum

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4
Q

external ear: tympanic membrane (EARDRUM)

A

skin and connective tissue

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5
Q

ear ossicles (middle ear)

A

translate vibrations to inner ear (fluid filled structure)

round window assoicated with cochlea

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6
Q

ear ossicles (middle ear):

A

malleus
incus
stapes
- stapes transmits vibratory motion of eardrum to OVAL WINDOW
- dampened by tensor tympani and stapedius muscles (this is CNS control over sensory input to protect auditory receptor cells - innervated by cranial nerves)

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7
Q

tensor tympani

A

connects to mallus, becomes tense and dampens sound

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8
Q

stapedius

A

connects to stapes, becomes tense and dampens sound

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9
Q

inner ear: bony labrinth

A

VESTIBULE, COCHLEA, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
twisting channels through temporal bone
filled with PERILYMPH

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10
Q

inner ear: membranous labyrinth

A

membranous sacs in bony labyrinth
ENDOLYMPH (potassium rich fluid)

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11
Q

vestibule

A

central egg-shaped cavity of bony labyrinth
2 sacs in perilymph
- house equilibrium receptors, maculae
- respond to GRAVITY and changes in head POSITION

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12
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 canals in different planes
membranous semicircular ducts line each canal
AMPULLA is swollen end of each canal with equilibrium receptors in CRISTA AMPULLARIS for ANGULAR movements of head

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13
Q

cochlea

A

spiral, conical, bony chamber
- extends from ANTERIOR vestibule
- coils around MODIOLUS, bony pillar
-COCHLEAR DUCT ending at COCHLEAR APEX
-ORGAN OF CORTI (hearing receptor)

three chambers:
- SCALA VESTIBULI
- SCALA MEDIA (cochlear duct)
- SCALA TYMPANI

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14
Q

scala vestibuli

A

perilymph
continuous with scala tympani via HELICOTREMA

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15
Q

scala media (cochlear duct)

A

endolymph

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16
Q

scala tympani

A

perilymph
continuous with scala vestibuli via HELICOTREMA
terminates at ROUND WINDOW

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17
Q

cochlear duct (scala media) floor is composed of…

A

bony spiral lamina
basilar membrane (supports organ of corti)

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18
Q

which nerve runs from organ of corti to brain?

A

cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve VII

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19
Q

transmission of sound to inner ear

A

outer ear: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic memb.
middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes to oval window
inner ear: scala VESTIBULI (first) and tympani to scala media (cochlear duct), organ of corti, impulses in cochlear nerve (to brain)

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20
Q

properties of sound:

A

pressure disturbance from vibrating object
rarefaction (lessening of sound density) and compression (lots of sound density)
sine wave: wavelength, frequency, amplitude

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21
Q

frequency

A

NUMBER of waves passing, pitch is perception of different frequencies (we hear 20-20,000 Hz cycles/s)
high frequency: high pitch
low frequency: low pitch

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22
Q

amplitude

A

INTENSITY of sound (dB)
high amplitude: loud
low amplitude: quiet/ soft

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23
Q

movement of sound through ear makes forces that pulls on…

A

HAIR CELLS - hearing receptive cells
- moving hair cells stimulates the cochlear nerve which sends impulses to brain

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24
Q

where is sound amplified?

A

middle ear from the 3 OSSICLES
- pressure goes into SCALA VESTIBULI

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25
Q

mechanisms of hearing

A
  1. sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. ossicles vibrate and amplify pressure
  3. pressure waves created by STAPES pushing on oval window and moving through fluid in scala VESTIBULI
    4a. frequencies below hearing go to HELICOTREMA and don’t excite hair cells
    4b. frequencies of hearing go THROUGH COCHLEAR DUCT (SCALA MEDIA), vibrate BASILAR MEMBRANE, and deflect hairs on inner hair cells (in SCALA TYMPANI)
26
Q

different frequencies cross basilar membrane at different places:

A

high frequencies: CLOSE to base, far from apex (short and stiff fibers)
low frequencies: FAR from base, close to apex (long and floppy fibers)

27
Q

sounds come in from… and go out through…

A

oval window
round window

28
Q

organ of corti (in cochlea)

A
  • sits on basilar membrane
  • supporting cells, inner and outer hair cells
  • afferent fibers of cochlear nerve attach to base of hair cells
  • STEREOCILIA (hairs)
    • protrude into endolymph
    • touch tectorial membrane
29
Q

excitation of hair cells in organ of corti

A

BENDING CILIA
- opens mechanically gated Ca2+ and K+ channels
- graded potential and NT release
- NT causes cochlear fiber to transmit impulses to brain where sound is perceived

30
Q

excitation of spiral organ of corti

A

inner hair cells: sensory, send acoustic info to brain
outer hair cells: motile, amplify and modify movement of basilar membrane, hearing sensitivity

31
Q

hair cells have:

A

many STEREOCILIA
one KINOCILIUM (true cilium)
are linked together with TIP LINKS

32
Q

movement of the basilar membrane causes:

A

BENDING of cilia of INNER hair cells = tension on tip links

when bent towards TALLEST sterocilium (the kinocilium) it TIGHTENS tip links
- opens K+ channels
- graded potnetial
- NT release (glutamate)
- AP, cochlear fibers transmit impulses to brain where sound is perceived

33
Q

auditory pathway to brain:

A

cochlea, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

primary auditory cortex, (decussate) so both cortices get sound (in temporal lobe)

34
Q

pitch is perceived by

A

primary aud cortex
cochlear nuclei

35
Q

loudness is percived by

A

cochlear cells
number of cells stimulated

36
Q

localization is perceived by

A

superior olivary nuclei - determine relative sound volume in two ears

time difference in sound arrival in two ears

37
Q

conduction deafness

A

blocks sound conduction to inner ear fluids

38
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

neural structure damage from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells (HIGH K+ IN ENDOLYMPH)

39
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing/ clicking in absence of actual sound

40
Q

meniere’s syndrome

A

labyrinth disorder
affects COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
vertigo, nausea, vomiting

41
Q

anatomy of maculae

A

SENSORY receptors for STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
- supporting cells and hair cells
- stereocilia and kinocilium embedded in OTOLITHIC membrane

42
Q

otolithic membrane

A

jellylike mass studded with tiny CaCO3 stones called otoliths

43
Q

utricular hairs

A

horizontal movement

44
Q

saccular hairs

A

vertical movement (sac must stand up)

45
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

EQUILIBRIUM RECEPTORS in semicircular canals and vestibule
- orientation and balance in space
- vestibular receptors: STATIC equilibrium
- semicircular canal receptors: DYNAMIC equilibrium

46
Q

USUALLY, head tilt forward is ___ and head tilt backwards is ___, but this depends on the orientation of hair cells

A

depolarization
hyperpolarization

47
Q

head upright

A

steady flow of APs in vestibular nerve

48
Q

hairs bent towards kinocilium (tallest cilia)

A

more APs in vestibular nerve, depolarization, nerve fiber excited (head tilt forward)

49
Q

hairs bent away from kinocilium

A

less APs in vestibular nerve, hyperpolarization, nerve fiber inhibited (head tilt back)

50
Q

activating macula receptors

A

HAIR CELLS synapse with fibers of VESTIBULAR nerve
cell bodies of vestibular nerve are in superior and inferior vestibular ganglia

51
Q

crista ampullaris (crista) and dynamic equilibrium

A
  • receptor for DYNAMIC equilibrium
  • in ampulla of each semicircular canal
  • responds to ANGULAR movements
  • each has support cells and hair cells that extend into jelly-like mass called the CUPULA
  • dendrites (sensory nerve endings) of vestibular nerve fobers encircle base of hair cells
52
Q

cupula

A
  • jelly-like mass in crista ampullaris of ampulla (thickened part)
  • epithelium and hair cells
  • hair cells have two features:
    • very long hairs extending into endolymph of cupula
    • base is contacted by fibers of vestibular nerve
53
Q

if you move your head in one direction there is a flow of endolymph in semicircular canal

A

flow of endolymph goes over hairs of hair cells and causes them to sway, bend, and depolarize

depolarization is relayed to vestibular nerve sensory fibers

54
Q

activating crista ampullaris receptors

A
  • cristae responds to changes in velocity of rotational movements of the head
  • directional bending of hair cells in cristae causes:
    • depolarizations: rapid impulses reach brain at faster rate
    • hyperpolarizations: fewer impulses reach brain
  • brain is informed of rotational movements of the head
55
Q

cupula at rest

A

stands up straight

56
Q

during rotation

A

endolymph moves in semicircular canals in OPPOSITE direction of rotation
- causes cupula bending, hair cell EXCITATION

57
Q

as rotation slows

A

endolymph keeps moveing in direction of rotation and bends cupula in opposite direction from acceleration, INHIBITS hair cells

58
Q

balance and orientation pathways: three modes of input for balance and orientation “VVS”

A
  • vestibular receptors
  • visual receptors
  • somatic receptors

these receptors allow our body to respond reflexively

59
Q

bony labyrinth:

A

semicircular canals (equilibrium: rotational acceleration)
- crista ampullarus receptor

vestibules (equilibrium: head position relative to gravity, linear acceleration)
- macula receptor

cochlea (hearing)
- sprial organ of corti receptors

60
Q

membranous labyrinth:

A

(semicircular canal) semicircular ducts:
- equilibrium: rotational acceleration
- crista ampullaris receptors

(vestibule) utricle and saccule:
- equilibrium: head position and linear acceleration
- macula receptors

(cochlea) cochlear duct (scala media):
- hearing
- spiral organ of corti receptors

flashcards (24 decks)

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