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anatomy: sensory Flashcards

1
Q

PNS includes:

A

sensory receptors
peripheral nerves
associated ganglia
ANS
motor endings

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2
Q

the function of the CNS is dependent on input from the… which receives input from…

A

PNS…peripheral sensory receptors

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3
Q

sensation

A

change awareness in internal and external env

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4
Q

perception

A

conscious interpretation of stimuli

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5
Q

motor output is divided into…

A

somatic and autonomic

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6
Q

autonomic outputs are divided into…

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

nonencapsulated sensory receptors:

A

free nerve endings, modified nerve endings, hair follicle receptors

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8
Q

encapsulated sensory receptors

A

tactile corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles, muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors

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9
Q

three main levels of neural integration in the somatosensory system are:

A

receptor level
circuit level
perception level

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10
Q

receptor level

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS and primary sensory neuron (first order sensory neuron, dorsal horn, or dorsal column)

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11
Q

circuit level

A

ASCENDING PATHWAYS:
second order sensory neuron: spinothalamic or medial lemniscus

AND third order neuron:
thalamocortical

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12
Q

perception level

A

cerebral cortex interpretation of input into primary and association sensory cortex

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13
Q

first order neuron goes from…

A

periphery to spinal cord/ brain stem

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14
Q

second order neuron goes from…

A

spinothalamic: spinal cord to thalamus/ cerebellum
medial lemniscus: bundle of secondary sensory fibers in brainstem

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15
Q

third order neuron goes from…

A

thalamocortical: thalamus to primary sensory cortex

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16
Q

active mechanisms promote axon regrowth after damage in the…

active mechanisms inhibit axon regrowth after damage in the…

A

PNS

CNS

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17
Q

what drives axon regeneration?

A

network of transcription factors

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18
Q

steps of axon injury

A
  1. axon fragmented at injury site
  2. macrophages clean out dead axon distal to injury
  3. axon sprouts and grows through schwann cell regeneration tube
  4. axon regenerates, new myelin sheath formed
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19
Q

dermatomes

A

sensory territories on body surface
band-like

20
Q

cranial nerves: TRIGEMINAL NERVE V

A

trigeminal neuraglia/ tic douloureux
- inflammation of trigeminal nerve
- loop of artery or vein compressing nerve near its exit from brain stem
- analgesics + carbamazepine
- surgery, nerve destruction or compression –> loss of sensation on one side

21
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to STIMULI
activation = graded depolarizations –> action potentials along nerve axons to CNS
reflex activity in spinal cord (sensation and perception in cerebral cortex)

22
Q

the key to the physiological process of sensation is…

A

transduction
- conversion of stimulus to neuronal electrochemical property

23
Q

receptor potential (generator potential)

A
  • type of graded potential
  • transmembrane potential difference from activation of sensory transduction
24
Q

pain perception (nociception)

A

pain stimuli that may cause tissue damage (thermal, mechanical, anoxic)

25
Q

how do we avoid pain stimuli

A
  1. reflex response
  2. conscious response (lasts longer)
26
Q

pain receptors can be activated by:

A

histamine, K+, ATP, acid/ bradykinin
- all released by stressed or damaged tissue
- depolarize free nerve endings of pain sensory endings

27
Q

mechanisms for pain relief (4)

A
  • electrical stimulation of CNS
  • pharmacological agents and morphine
  • some neurons in inhibitory pathways release morphine-like endogenous opioids
  • acupuncture
28
Q

dorsal horn is where… and ventral horn is where…

A

things come in (back)
things leave (front)

29
Q

endogenous ability to block pain activity - for survival (3 steps)

A
  • descends from brain
  • activates ENKEPHALIN-RELEASING INTERNEURON (releases opioid NT onto their receptors)
    -synapses onto incoming pain fiber and BLOCKS its release of NT onto second order neuron in dorsal horn (spinal cord to thalamus)
30
Q

referred pain

A

REFERRAL of pain localization from the structure it actually came from to the body wall carried to cerebral cortex

31
Q

exteroceptors

A
  • respond to stimuli arising from OUTSIDE the body
  • near body surface
  • sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, temp
  • include special sense organs (vision, hearing and balance, taste, smell)
  • ex. THERMORECEPTORS
32
Q

interoceptors

A
  • respond to stimuli arising WITHIN the body
  • near internal viscera and blood vessels
  • sensitive to chemical changes, stretch, temp
  • ex. BARORECEPTORS (pressure) for blood pressure changes
33
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch

34
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature changes
- TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL family (change conformation depending on temp exposed to)
- FREE NERVE ENDINGS with membrane channels that change permeability/ axon firing rates across temp ranges

35
Q

photoreceptors

A

light energy (retina)

36
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals (smell, taste, blood chemistry)

37
Q

nociceptors

A

pain-causing stimuli

38
Q

proprioceptors

A
  • degree of STRETCH of organs they occupy
    -give info regarding POSITION AND MOVEMENT of body
  • skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
  • always “advising” brain of our movements… “Sense of self”

ex. muscle spindle: muscle LENGTH info
ex. golgi tendon organ: muscle TENSION info

(in limbs: info about muscle, length, tension, and joint angle, [rate of contraction of skeletal muscles] - for position of limb in space)

KINETHESIA

39
Q

reflex arc

A

stimulus –> receptor
sensory afferent neuron
interneuron (integration center)
motor efferent neuron
effector –> response

40
Q

simple receptor

A

most common - have encapsulated AND unencapsulated free nerve endings

  • sensory receptors are SPECIALIZED ENDINGS of afferent neurons
    -stimulus energy activates receptor membrane
41
Q

complex receptor

A

special sense organs in contact with free nerve ending (has sensory nerve endings but don’t transduce directly)

  • sensory receptors are SEPARATE CELLS that signal afferent neuron
  • stimulus energy activates receptor cell –> depolarization –> release of vesicles onto afferent neuron –> CNS

ex.
- RETINA (photoreceptors and retinal bipolar cells)
- HAIR cells and AUDITORY axons nerve
- TASTE cells and taste nerve axons

42
Q

…… generated by a pressure sensitive sensory afferent neuron is directly proportional to …

A

number of action potentials (FREQUENCY) is directly proportional to stimulus intensity

43
Q

different sensory units vary in their speed of adaptation to stimuli

A

rapidly adapting (respond maximally to initial burst, ends with small burst at end) - ex. smell!!

slowly adapting (keep firing as long as stimulus is present, still has initial burst)
- ex. stretch receptors!!

44
Q

adaptation of sensory receptors

A

receptors for pressure, touch, and smell adapt QUICKLY (PHASIC)

Merkel’s discs, Ruffini’s corpuscles, and interoceptors (chemical blood levels) respond SLOWLY

receptors for pain and proprioceptors DO NOT ADAPT (TONIC)

45
Q

sensory acuity

A

POSITION of receptors

  • sensory afferent neurons that cover bigger part of body have LESS ACUITY
  • sensory afferent neurons that cover a smaller and finer receptive field (narrow spread of branches) have HIGHER DEGREE OF spatial ACUITY

(sensory acuity = how good your senses are)

46
Q

lateral inhibition

A

(one receptive field takes priority)

  • where you feel sensation depends on the LOCATION of the responding sensory nerve endings on the body surface, or internally
  • OVERLAPPING stimulation between neighboring receptive fields gives GENERAL info of stimulus location
47
Q

2 point discrimination

A
  • 2 points 70mm apart detects 2 points
  • 2 points that are closer will fall under ONE RECEPTIVE FIELD/ neuron and detect only 1 point
  • this is FINER ON FINGETIPS/ LIPS (can detect 2 points at only 2-3mm apart!) because they have a HIGHER SENSORY ACUITY (LESS BRANCHED) and BIGGER SOMATOSENSORY AREA
  • places like FOREARM and BACK have a SMALLER SOMATOSENSORY AREA and therefore have less sensory acuity and detect 2 points at a larger distance apart (close distances fall under the same receptive field because FIELDS ARE MORE HIGHLY BRANCHED)

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