Muscles, fascia, lymphatic system

Question 1

What are the four primary types of tissues in animals?

Answer 1

Connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue

Question 2

What are epithelial tissues / epithelium? Give examples.

Answer 2

lines the structures throughout the body, e.g. skin, body cavity linings, the outer layers of organs, glands.

Question 3

What is Connective Tissue (結締組織)?

What is its main component and functions?

Answer 3

Connective tissues are forms of fibrous tissues. Collagen is the main component of connective tissues.

Functions: cohesion, internal support

Question 4

Which type of tissues is a contractile tissue of the body?

Answer 4

Muscle tissue

Question 5

What are the three types of muscle tissue and their functions?

Answer 5

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth.

Functions: produce force and cause motion

Question 6

Where can nervous tissues be found? What are their functions?

Answer 6

The brain, spinal cord and neurons.

Functions: coordinate and control body activities

Question 7

Which parts of the body of a dog do not have muscles?

Answer 7

below the carpus and tarsus

Question 8

What is muscle composed of?

Answer 8

Muscle is composed of muscle fibers that are grouped into muscle fiber bundles.

Question 9

How do skeletal (骨骼肌) and cardiac muscles (心肌) create force and motion?

Answer 9

There are muscle fibers in skeletal and cardiac muscles (striated muscles). In these fibers, there are contractile filaments (收縮絲) that slide back and forth to create force and motion when there are signals from the nervous system.

Question 10

What are the tiny organs in skeletal muscles?

Answer 10

Golgi tendon organs (高爾基腱器)

Question 11

What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?

Answer 11

prevent overstretching muscles to prevent tearing and damage

Question 12

Where can scar tissue be formed?

Answer 12

Scar tissue can be formed in a muscle tear.

Question 13

What happens if a scar tissue is formed?

Answer 13

reduce muscle strength and flexibility

Scar tissue exhibits no contractile function and has low extensibility; therefore, remaining scar tissue can impair joint movement, reduce muscular strength, and inhibit exercise ability

Question 14

What are voluntary muscles?

Answer 14

contract under conscious control

Question 15

What are involuntary muscles?

Answer 15

contract under unconscious control

Question 16

What system controls smooth/involuntary muscles?

Answer 16

autonomic nervous system

Question 17

Describe skeletal muscles.

striated/non-striated
voluntary/involuntary

Answer 17

voluntary, striated

Question 18

How do skeletal muscles create movement?

Answer 18

Skeletal muscles produce force to bones and joint during contraction to create movement.

Question 19

Describe smooth muscles. Where do they occur?

striated/non-striated
voluntary/involuntary

Answer 19

non-striated, involuntary

blood vessels, intestines, bladder, uterus, erector muscles of hair

Question 20

Describe cardiac muslces.

striated/non-striated
voluntary/involuntary

Answer 20

striated, involuntary

Question 21

Where are skeletal muscles attached to?

Answer 21

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tendons and fascia.

Question 22

What is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 22

skin

Question 23

What is fascia?

Answer 23

Fascia is a network of stringy fibrous, connective tissue that surrounds every part of the body. It supports the bones, tendons, muscles, ligaments, joints, organs, nerves, tissues.

Question 24

What run through fascia?

Answer 24

blood, nerves, lymphatic vessels

Question 25

What does healthy fascia look like?

Answer 25

Healthy fascia is very hydrated, fluid and flexible that stretches with the dog.

Question 26

What does unhealthy fascia look like?

Answer 26

Unhealthy fascia is tight, bunched and dehydrated, it can restrict movement and cause pain.

Question 27

What is lactic acid?

Answer 27

metabolic waste released in the muscle during exercise/massage

Question 28

What happens if lactic acid stagnates in the muscle?

Answer 28

sore and stiff

Question 29

How many percentage of a dog’s total body weight is muscle?

Answer 29

over 45%

Question 30

Can muscle problems be seen on x-ray?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

Which system is the dog’s primary defense against disease and negative effects of injury?

Answer 31

lymphatic system

Question 32

What is the function of lymph?

Answer 32

Lymph contains a type of white blood cell, lymphocytes that produce antibodies to defend the body from bacterial and viral infection. It also helps with digestion.

Question 33

How does the lymph flow?

Answer 33

The flow of lymph is in one-direction towards the heart. Originating from the peripheral body tissues and organs furthest from the heart to the heart. During the process, the lymphatic vessels transports lymph, filter harmful toxins and remove waste products, preventing them from reaching the heart.

Question 34

Lymphatic flow has no pump. What are the six main processes that facilitate it move?

Answer 34

HPDMSG = HapPy Dog MaSsaGe

Deep breathing
Skeletal muscle contraction
Massage
Gravity
Hot and cold hydrotherapy
Pressure from fluid leaving arterioles

Question 35

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 35

The lymphatic system consists of a network of conduits that carry lymph and the structures that are responsible for producing and circulating lymphocytes such as the spleen, thymus and bone marrow.

Question 36

What is lymph/lymphatic fluid?

Answer 36

Lymph/lymphatic fluid is a clear fluid with white blood cells. It is a cleaning agent of the immune system that flows through the muscle during massage/exercise.

Question 37

What are the 9 functions of muscles in dogs?

Answer 37

breathing, birthing/reproduction, locomotion, circulation, digestion, facial expression, barking, hair raising, tail wagging