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Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Myo

A

Muscle

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2
Q

Myology

A

The study of muscles

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3
Q

The human body has ______ skeletal muscles

A

600+

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4
Q

How many skeletal muscles are in the face and neck

A

162

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5
Q

4 functions of the muscular system

A

Movement
Posture
Joint stability
Heat production

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6
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is attached to bone and skin

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

Type of muscle tissue that appears striated

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is very powerful

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is multinucleated

A

Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is found in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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12
Q

Type of muscle tissue that appears striated and branched

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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13
Q

Type of muscle tissues that are involuntary

A

Cardiac and smooth

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14
Q

Type of muscle tissues that have a single nuclei

A

Cardiac and smooth

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15
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is found in the wall of hollow organs

A

Smooth muscle

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16
Q

Type of muscle tissue that appears stratified squamous, NO striations

A

Smooth

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17
Q

5 rules of skeletal muscles

A
  1. All muscles cross at least one point
  2. Most of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed
  3. All muscles have two attachments: origin and insertion
  4. Muscles only pull NEVER push
  5. During contraction the insertion moves towards origin
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18
Q

Less movable attachment site or muscle attachment to stationary bone

A

Origin

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19
Q

More movable attachment site or muscle attachment to moveable bone

A

Insertion

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20
Q

Primary mover responsible for causing a movement (joint action)

A

Agonist

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21
Q

Muscle that opposes movement of the agonist; provides precision and control

A

Antagonist

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22
Q

Muscles that assist the agonist by producing the same movement at the same time. Makes a more effective movement

A

Synergist

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23
Q

Example of an agonist

A

Biceps brachii is the main flexor of the elbow joint

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24
Q

Example of an antagonist is

A

Triceps brachii performs the opposite function of the biceps brachii in the elbow joint

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25
Q

Example of a synergist

A

Brachialis assists the biceps brachii in flexion of the elbow

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26
Q

Thick filaments of a muscle fiber

A

Myosin

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27
Q

Type of muscle that connects to bones, voluntary

A

Skeletal

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28
Q

Stores neurotransmitters

A

Vesilles

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29
Q

Neurotransmitter used to cause muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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30
Q

Connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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31
Q

Organelle that provides the energy needed for muscle contractions

A

Mitochondria

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32
Q

Connects bones to other bones

A

Ligament

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33
Q

Surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

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34
Q

Thin filaments of a muscle fiber

A

Actin

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35
Q

Minimal level of stimulus to cause a contraction

A

Threshold

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36
Q

Section of myofibril from one Z line to the next Z line

A

Sarcomere

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37
Q

Bundle of muscle fibers

A

Fascille

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38
Q

Theory that explains how muscle contraction works; sliding _____ theory

A

Filament

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39
Q

Outermost layer, surrounds entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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40
Q

Describes muscles that are striped in appearance

A

Striated

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41
Q

Muscle fiber membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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42
Q

Space between a neuron and the muscle, synaptic ____

A

Cleft

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43
Q

Overlapping patterns of actin and myosin; I and A _______

A

Bands

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44
Q

Membranous channels that surround the myofibrils; sarcoplasmic _________

A

Reticulum

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45
Q

When muscles become tired

A

Fatigue

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46
Q

Type of muscle found in the digestive tract, involuntary

A

Smooth

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47
Q

Type of muscle that makes up the heart

A

Cardiac

48
Q

The space where the nerve and muscle meet

A

Neuromuscular junction

49
Q

Carries messages towards myofibril

A

Axon

50
Q

Stores acetylcholine

A

Synaptic vesticles

51
Q

Gap between axon and muscle fiber

A

Synaptic cleft

52
Q

Specialized area of sarcolemma that receives messages

A

Motor end plate

53
Q

Chemical that causes a contraction

A

Acetylcholine

54
Q

What is the name of the stimulus that travels down the axon to the muscle fiber?

A

An action potential

55
Q

Does the terminal end of the axon enter the muscle fiber

A

No there is a gap between the two

56
Q

Does acetylcholine enter the muscle fiber

A

No

57
Q

What chemical enters the muscle fiber, resulting in an action potential through the muscle fiber

A

Sodium

58
Q

____ is bound to myosin side arm

A

ATP

59
Q

ATP _______ into ADP + P (high energy)

A

Cleaves

60
Q

What are the steps for muscle movement?

A 
Action potential 
Myosin-actin binding 
Power stroke 
ATP Binding actin-myosin released 
ATP Cleavage
61
Q

What happens in step one (action potential)

A

A nerve action potential releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft opening the Na+ channels

Action potential spreads across sarcolemma releasing Ca into sarcoplasma

62
Q

What happens in step two (myosin actin binding)

A
  1. Ca binds to troponin
  2. A shape change in troponin moves tropomyocin out of the way of actin binding site
  3. Actin and myosin bind using energy from cleaved ATP
63
Q

What happens in step 3 (power stroke)

A
  1. Side arm pivots so myosin and actin slide by each other shortening the sarcomere
  2. ADP and P released low energy
64
Q

What happens in step 4 (actin-myosin release)

A
  1. A different ATP molecule binds to active site

2. Actin released

65
Q

Step 5 (ATP cleavage)

A
  1. Return to high energy state

2. Cycle will repeat if Ca still available

66
Q

If a muscle is contracted what happens if a new molecule of ATP is not available

A

Muscle stays contracted -cramps

67
Q

Why does rigor mortis occur

A

ATP is not available to control Ca release so contractions are continuous 6-8 hours after death. Body relaxes 16-24 hours as enzymes break down contractive structures

68
Q

What happens to the length of the sarcomere during a contraction

A

The sarcomere shortens

69
Q

What chemical exposes the binding site for actin and myosin

A

Calcium

70
Q

What is the source of energy for a contraction?

A

ATP

71
Q

What is the name of the step in which the actin filament is actively contracted

A

Powerstroke

72
Q

During muscle contraction the muscle becomes ________

A

Tense

73
Q

During muscle contraction the muscle ______ in length

A

Shortens

74
Q

During muscle contraction the diameter of the muscle _______

A

Expands

75
Q

A muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement is called

A

An agonist

76
Q

A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a

A

Synergist

77
Q

In flexing the forearm at the elbow, the triceps brachii acts as

A

An antagonist

78
Q

In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to

A

Remove the blocking action of tropomyosin

79
Q

Calcium ions bind to the ________ molecule in skeletal muscles

A

Troponin

80
Q

An elaborate network of membranes and skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

81
Q

A sarcomere is

A

The area between two Z discs

82
Q

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to

A

Regular intracellular calcium concentration

83
Q

The sliding filament model of contraction involves

A

Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlap

84
Q

During vigorous exercise there maybe insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to

A

Lactic acid

85
Q

The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to

A

Bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration

86
Q

One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is

A

A sarcomere

87
Q

The contractile units of skeletal muscles are

A

Myofibrils

88
Q

Rigor mortis occurs because

A

No ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

89
Q

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?

A

Actin filaments

90
Q

Which of the following are composed of myosin?

A

Thick filaments

91
Q

The striations of skeletal muscle cells are produced, for the most part, by

A

The arrangement of myofilaments

92
Q

Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle

A

Antagonist

93
Q

Muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement

A

Synergist

94
Q

Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement

A

Agonist

95
Q

Which type of muscle generally remains in a state of partial contraction when you’re keeping your legs straight

A

Skeletal muscle

96
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located in the body?

A

Heart

97
Q

Moves your eyeball

A

Skeletal muscle

98
Q

A ___________ is a single skeletal muscle cell

A

Muscle fiber

99
Q

Muscle fibers are made up of fiber bundles of that contain hundreds of ________

A

Myofibrils

100
Q

Composed of a T-tubule, the terminal cisternae, and gaps

A

Longitudinal tubules

101
Q

Cylindrical structures that carry out contraction

A

Myofibril

102
Q

Extensions of the sarcolemma that separate the sarcomeres

A

Transverse tubules

103
Q

Specialized plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell; forms membrane connections between each of the sarcomeres

A

Sarcolemma

104
Q

The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

105
Q

Units of the myofibrils

A

Mitochondria

106
Q

The bands that mark the sarcomere’s borders

A

Z line

107
Q

The bands that mark the middle of the sarcomere

A

M line/ M disc

108
Q

Under a micrograph they are the lightest and least dense structures; composed of actin, troponin, tropomyosin

A

Thin filaments

109
Q

Much more dense than think filaments; composed of myosin

A

Thick filaments

110
Q

The distance between the ends of the thin filaments known as

A

H zone

111
Q

The distance between the thick filaments of one sarcomere and the thick filaments of an adjacent sarcomere was known as the

A

I Band

112
Q

The length of the thick filaments was known as the

A

A band

113
Q

The _______ and ______ shortens, but the ______ does not shorten during muscle contraction

A

I band
H zone
A band

114
Q

Chemically, muscle contraction is driven by ___________ and triggered by the release of ______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

ATP hydrolysis

Ca2+

115
Q

Ca2+ binds to __________ in the thin filaments, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin

A

Troponin

116
Q

The movement where the myosin head pulls the thin filaments inward is called the

A

Power structure

117
Q

What is the order of chemicals in a muscle contraction

A
  1. Electrochemical signal causes release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Ca2+ binds troponin causing a conformational change of the thin filament
  3. Myosin heads bind to actin
  4. Power stroke (ADP and P dissociate from myosin)
  5. ATP binds myosin head
  6. Thin filament returns to relaxed state

Anatomy (14 decks)

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