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Control of movement > muscle and motor units > Flashcards

muscle and motor units Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first part of 4 of muscle contractions

A

ap stimulates release of NT across NM junction

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2
Q

what is the 3rd part of 4 for muscle contraction

A

causes release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

whats the 2nd part of muscle contraction

A

ap spreads across the sarcolemma/ muscle membrane and into fiber along T tubules

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4
Q

what is the final step in muscle contraction

A

calcium binds to the muscle and causes the cross-bridge cycling

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5
Q

what are the 3 things shows -

A

muscle force, temperature and length

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6
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single neuron and muscle fibres that it innervates

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7
Q

where is the motor unit

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

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8
Q

what does a muscle unit do

A

innervates muscles

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9
Q

what is twitch fusion

A

when twitch fuse due to multiple stimulation of the muscle

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10
Q

one ap is what

A

one muscle twitch

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11
Q

what type of electrode is used for artificial stimulation

A

black anode

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12
Q

what is thr frequency variation in hetz

A

3-30

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13
Q

more muslce stimualtion causes what

A

smoother and a longer muscle twitch

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14
Q

twitch properties depend on what

A

fibre type

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15
Q

why does fiber type vary for muscle twitch properties

A

due to how fast or slow twitch, temperature and fatigue as well as firing rates of different muscles like the glutes vs. eyes

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16
Q

what does movement precision depend on

A

number of motor units

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17
Q

the more motor units in a muscle means

A

finer control and finer force modulation

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18
Q

lower innervation number in muscles means

A

more control

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19
Q

calf muscles have less control comapred to the

A

eye

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20
Q

lowest innovation number means

A

highest amount of control of the muscle

21
Q

you can lose motor neurons from what

A

motor neuron disease slowly over time

22
Q

action potentials propagate along the ..

A

sarcolemma

23
Q

AP runs along the sarcolemma to do what

A

release calcium from sarcoplasmic recticulum

24
Q

what will emg show

A

the force / activity of motor units acting together

25
Q

does fast twitch has a higher or lower resting membrane potential

A

higher

26
Q

eccentric contraction is

A

lengthening

27
Q

concentric contraction is

A

shortening

28
Q

which is usually has more force con or eccentric

A

eccentric

29
Q

is torque effected by angle of muscles

A

yes

30
Q

why is torque effected by angle of msucle

A

due to more or less distance to travel, bigger angles require more force

31
Q

will overlapped fibres impact muscle fibres

A

yes - less force

32
Q

why do overlapped muscles not produce as much force

A

due to actin an myosin overlapping ,

33
Q

fibres are compensated for failing contraction in other

A

fibres and the force is maintained

34
Q

Muscle fatigue hypothesis is ..

A

muscle force is reduced when stimulation was maintained at a high rate over time

35
Q

fatigue is

A

slowing the muscle and slows the force and reduces force

36
Q

what is muscle wisdom

A

a mechanism that will sense a fatiguing muscle and will reduce the force and fire less through the CNS

37
Q

how does the nervous system know when to reduce motor neuron firing rate (3)

A

peripheral detection of metabolites like lactate
spinal suppression of motor neurons firing and changing in voluntary activation

38
Q

why does the NS reduce the firing of neurons

A

reduce neuronal fatigue and help maintain fine motor control

39
Q

what could happen when there is a lot of firing of the muscle

A

loss of control

40
Q

what are the 2 types of fatigue

A

frequency or force

41
Q

what is low frequency fatigue

A

caused by intense exercise, takes days to recover and caused by reduced calcium release due to mechanicals damage.

42
Q

what is high frequency fatigue

A

caused by continuous high-frequency stimulation, recovers quickly after, caused by failure of transmission along muscle membrane

43
Q

can electrical stimulation increase force

A

yes but not as effective as normal training by 2/3

44
Q

force is modulated by

A

changing firing rate and or recruiting more units

45
Q

muscle fatigue reduces contraction speed due to what

A

muscle wisdom

46
Q

muscle fatigue can be partly due to

A

loss of neural drive - central fatigue

47
Q

what is another way of measuring muscle activity

A

Acoustomyography or ultra sound

48
Q

what is Acoustomyography (amg)

A

A method of measuring muscle activity which is intrinsically toed to contraction and the amplitude declines during muscle fatigue

49
Q
A

Control of movement (15 decks)

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