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Control of movement > COM- motor and sensory nerves > Flashcards

COM- motor and sensory nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is faster a myelinated axon or unmyelinated

A

myelinated due to the jump in flow

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2
Q

what is velocity is desire - low or high

A

high

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3
Q

what is space constant

A

how far it goes before it decays

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4
Q

what is time constant

A

how fast the voltage travels before it decays

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5
Q

what determines a velocity of nueron

A

space and time constant

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6
Q

equation for conduction veloicty

A

space constant over time constant

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7
Q

time constant needs to be low - what determins this

A

capacitance and resistance

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8
Q

what is capacitance

A

the tendency of membranes to store electric charge

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9
Q

what is more important time or space c.

A

space

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10
Q

space constant is equal to what

A

medial resistance over the longitudinal resistance

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11
Q

big space constant is desired - by having what

A

a high medial resistance and longitudinal resistance

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12
Q

the voltage over time will

A

decay

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13
Q

Velocity is proportional to the number of what

A

space constant over time constant

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14
Q

anything that increases space or reduces time velocity will what

A

increase conduction velocity

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15
Q

what is the fastest a neuronal conduction is

A

120m

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16
Q

Resting membrane potential is what

A

the difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell

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17
Q

The what allows pottasium and sodium to flow through

A

ion channel

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18
Q

what 2 ions flow in resting membrane potential

A

sodium and potassium

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19
Q

what effect takes place for pottasium

A

osmosis- highly concentrated to lowly concentrated

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20
Q

osmosis causes what to potassium

A

potassium to flow to the outside of the cell

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21
Q

potassium are high in intercellular - what kind of permeable and for what

A

permeable only for potassium

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22
Q

when the potassium leaves through the channels - what is caused

A

a build-up of positive eletrical charge outside the cell

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23
Q

the force of the charge build up is osmotic - and ends up being …

A

in equilibrium

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24
Q

positive charge coats the inside and negative coats

A

the outside in resting state of neuron

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25
Q

tendency of neurons firing using AP depends on what

A

the difference of voltage between inside and outside

26
Q

the neuron using hyperpolarization and polarization will depend on what

A

weather the neuron will fire or not

27
Q

depolarsation will result in

A

more likely to fire

28
Q

hyperpolarization will result in

A

less likely to fire

29
Q

the brain will decide what when firing neurons

A

what to fire or not

30
Q

what amount of K and NA is needed for a molecule of ATP

A

2k+ and 3 NA+

31
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump

A

energy dependent process of a neuron which results in K on the inside - setting a baseline for future firing

32
Q

why does the brain use glucose

A

making atp for the sodium and potassium pump for neurons

33
Q

how does action potential work

A

The voltage-gated ion channel embedded on the neuron - the channel opens or closes gate - depending on electrical charge ac ross the channel for sodium and potassium gates

34
Q

What are the 3 states for sodium gates

A

resting channel which is closed , depolarized cell to threshold which can open and an inactive state / unresponsive

35
Q

what are 2 states for sodium channels

A

resting / closed and depolarized

36
Q

what are the 7 steps in AP positive feedback cycle

A

cell membrane depolarized,/ depolarization + NA channels open/ Na influx for more depolarization/ adjacent NA channels open / meanwhile k channels open slower causing K to flow out/ repolarizing the membrane and closing the sodium channels and becoming inactive

37
Q

what is the difference in speed for k and na

A

sodium is quicker

38
Q

differences between NA and K

A

permeability differs, sodium is quicker and is more permeable, pottasium is slower and effect is delayed -

39
Q

what is the resting potential

A

-60/70 millivolts

40
Q

AP is unidirectional - true or false

A

true

41
Q

why is AP unidirectional / orthodromic

A

to stop channels reopening

42
Q

temperature increases AP and

A

conduction veloicty

43
Q

bigger diameter in neurons positively effects

A

Capacitance and decrease the medial resistance which affects conduction velocity

44
Q

bigger diameter of neurons will increase the ..

A

speed of neurons

45
Q

what does myelin do

A

insulate the axon

46
Q

what is myelin made of

A

swan cells

47
Q

what does myelin do

A

stops leaking, increases medial resistance

48
Q

in myelinated axons, the AP is only occurs at the nodes - what kind of flow under their own voltage

A

passive ionic flow

49
Q

what do the nodes do in myelinated axons

A

amplify the voltage to speed up conduction

50
Q

passive flow is …. than amplified voltage in nodes of myelinated axons

A

slower

51
Q

artificial stimulation is used by using a cathode to depolarize a muscle in the peripheral neurons

A

black cathode to stimulate nerve and muscle

52
Q

anodal block is when

A

a neuron is deactivated after stimulation or too much stimulation

53
Q

what is EMG

A

electromyogram / electromyography

54
Q

what is EMG

A

Electromyography is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity in muscles.

55
Q

what is the 4 basic events in muscle contraction

A

AP stimulates the release of the Neurotransmitter across the NM junction/ AP spreads across sarcolemma/ muscle membrane and into fiber along T tubules ( this is the EMG signal) / causes calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium binds to muscle and causes cross-bridge cycling.

56
Q

what is in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

the motor unit and it is innervated part of the muscle

57
Q

what is one action potential in a muscle

A

one twitch

58
Q

what happens when there is more than 1 action potential to a muscle

A

more twitches until it is too many and they all merge

59
Q

higher frequency in twitches means what

A

how many the motor unit is firing

60
Q

Twitch fusion is the concept of what

A

A high frequency of twitches which transitions into one big smooth contraction - this can and will result in more force from recruiting more fibres and a higher frequency

61
Q
A

Control of movement (15 decks)

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