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Control of movement > breathing > Flashcards

breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic elements of the respiratory control system

A

sensors, effectors and central controller

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2
Q

what are the 3 elements of the centeral controller

A

pons, medulla and other parts

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3
Q

effectors example

A

respiratory muscles

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4
Q

examples of sensors

A

chemo, lung and mechano receptors

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5
Q

where are the central chemoreceptors located

A

ventral surface of medulla
or
retrotrapezoid nucleus

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6
Q

what does not cross the blood brain barrier

A

h+

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7
Q

what diffuses through into the cerebral spinal fluid

A

co2

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8
Q

co2 binds to what to form carbonic acid

A

h20

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9
Q

carbonic acid dissociates into what 2 things

A

h+ and bicarbonate

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10
Q

changes in cerebral spinal fluid activate what

A

central chemoreceptors

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11
Q

where is the respiratory rhythm is generated

A

medulla

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12
Q

what is the primary muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

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13
Q

what is the primary regulated variable

A

partial pressure of co2 - Paco2

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14
Q

which part of the respiratory control system is voluntary

A

cortical

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15
Q

which part of the respiratory control system is automatic

A

brainstem

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16
Q

breathing comes under what type of control

A

cortical / voluntary control and automatic

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17
Q

3 examples of voluntary behavior’s

A

speech, singing, sniffing, coughing, breath holding

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18
Q

deep seas divers can lower co2 partial pressure via what

A

hyperventilation prior to breath-holding

19
Q

hyperventilation can what

A

half paco2 resulting in alkalosis

20
Q

what is alkalosis

A

an increase of alkalie in the blood due to an increase of bases

21
Q

the urge to breath during a breath hold occurs at what paaco2

A

50mmHg

22
Q

the cortex can override the what process

A

automatic

23
Q

phrenic motor nuerons receive input from the

A

primary motor cortex and from the brainstem

24
Q

direct inputs from the cortex allow for what control of breathing

A

voluntary

25
Q

direct inputs from the brainstem allow what control

A

automatic

26
Q

a relay from the cortex to brainstem exists via corticobulbar tracts and allows

A

the cortex to override automatic breathing - speech example

27
Q

what are the 4 inspiratory muscles

A

sterno, scalenes, diaphragm and external intercostals

28
Q

what are the 5 muscles for expiration

A

internal intercostals, externals and internals obliques,
rectus and transverse abdom,

29
Q

What is the pontine respiratory group - PRG

A

a group of neurons in the pons that is involved with regulation if breathing

30
Q

PRG contains Kolliker - fuse nucleus and parabrachial nucleus - these neurons do what

A

inhibit inspiration and prolong expiration

31
Q

what is the PRG responsible for

A

the hering breur lung inflation reflex

32
Q

what is the hering lung inflation reflex

A

aka inflation reflex
triggered to prevent over inflation of lungs - using stretch receptors

33
Q

where is the dorsal respiratory group

A

caudal NTS -

34
Q

what is respiratory neuroplasticity

A

a persistent change in the neural control system based on experience

35
Q

why is neuroplasticity important

A

the change in neural control behaviors is essential to ensure pzco2 homeostasis in the face of recurrent or enduring perturbations - disease or injury

36
Q

paco2 regulation
adaptive control
the paco2 control is long lasting modifications to the control system - t or f

A

t

37
Q

t or f - paco2 adaptive control can occur at multiple levels of respiratory control

A

t

38
Q

what feedback system does paco2 use

A

negative closed loop - chemofeedback

39
Q

the respiratory control system is not a fixed system t or f

A

t

40
Q

equation for neural control system is what

A

paco2 = gas constant, temperature and vco2 / Va

41
Q

ventral respiratory group
split into what 2 things

A

rostral and caudal aspects
rostral - inspiratory - diaphragm and ex intercostals
caudal - expiratory - abdominal and in. intercostals

42
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors- po2 sensors

has 6 steps
whats the first 2

low pao2 is detected by receptor on glomus cells
k+ channels close

A

low pao2 is detected by receptor on glomus cells
k+ channels close

43
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors- po2 sensors

has 6 steps
whats the second 2

A

cells depolarized opening ca 2 + channels
ca2 enters cell causing atp release

44
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors- po2 sensors

has 6 steps
whats the third 2

A

afferent neurons is activated
activated respiratory control centre increase breathing

Control of movement (15 decks)

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