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Control of movement > eye, vision > Flashcards

eye, vision Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts of the eye (main)

A

pupil, iris, scalera

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2
Q

what is a scalara coil

A

measures eye movement by sitting on the eye

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3
Q

where does light hit after passing the cornea

A

to the retina

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4
Q

high center of what in the middle of the retina

A

photoceptors

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5
Q

what are the muslces attaching the lense and change shape of lense

A

ciliary muscles

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6
Q

what can the cillry muscles do

A

change shape of the lens

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7
Q

how does the brain reverse image

A

left to right

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8
Q

post retinal processing is what

A
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9
Q

what is a diopter

A

is a measure of lens focussing power - reciprocal of focal length in meters - 1D=1m

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10
Q

what 2 things effect lens strength

A

curvature and refractive index

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11
Q

how does the lens change shape

A

either curved and oval or flat - aka accomodation

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12
Q

ciliary muscles can contract and relax - which is loosening of fibres

A

contract

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13
Q

what state will your eye be if relaxed

A

focusing on something’

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14
Q

round shape is for what

A

close object

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15
Q

flat lens is for what

A

something far away

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16
Q
A

parasympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

concave lens of glasses is

A

short sighted

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18
Q

short sighted is aka

A

myopia

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19
Q

how does a concave lens help

A

reduces the refraction and focus

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20
Q

what is hypermetropia

A

far sighted

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21
Q

how does the pupil adapt to light

A

changes diameter- smaller = too much light VV

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22
Q

whats the range for pupil size when changing

A

2-8mm

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23
Q

whats the proper name for pupil

A

sphincter pupillae

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24
Q

why is a smaller pupil better

A

links to more light be accessible but also creates a high quality image - like a pinhole camera which has more depth

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25
Q

depth of field is what when small pupil

A

longer / deeper

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26
Q

pupil size can help with which condition

A

myopia

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27
Q

what is a ophthalmoscope

A

an object that shines light into a retina

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28
Q

photoreceptors in high amount are where

A

retina middle

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29
Q

rods and cones make up what

A

photoreceptors

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30
Q

what are the 5 cells in photorecptors

A

cones/rods, horizontal cells, biopolars, ganglai cells and amacrines

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31
Q

what do ganglia cells do

A

fire like neurons

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32
Q

do photorecptors have ap

A

no

33
Q

do ganglia in photorecptors have ap

A

yes

34
Q

what forms the optic nerve

A

ganglai cells

35
Q

why are structures in the front foveal receptors pushed to one side

A

reduces light / scatter absorption

36
Q

what is acuity

A

sharpness

37
Q

what happens to receptors when they are saturated and cannot detect light

A

they become bleached

38
Q

what is photopigment

A

a pigment that the chemical state depends on its degree of illumination

39
Q

what 2 molecules used to form photopigment

A

retinal and opsin

40
Q

retinal and opsin are the what state

A

bleached

41
Q

the light photon interacts with rhodopsin causes what

A

configurational change

42
Q

released opsin activates PDE - phosphodiesterase via …

A

transducin G protien

43
Q

closure of NA channels cuases hypeerpolerisation of cell due to what leak

A

K

44
Q

ganglion cell modifies the membrane potential of a what cell

A

bipolar

45
Q

changes in firing of ganglion cell bipolar can be

A

excitatory or inhibitory

46
Q

rod and cone hyperpolarization results in less

A

neurotransmitter release - glutamate

47
Q

what is the unit that the eye can function across of luminance

A

10^15

48
Q

what is scotopic vision

A

low light vision

49
Q

are rods or cons for low light

A

rods - because low acuity and high sensitivity

50
Q

is high light / photopic rods or cones

A

cones only - too much light will bleach the rods

51
Q

mesopic is what

A

medium light level

52
Q

mesopic what levels is everything

A

medium

53
Q

does mesopic have rods or cones

A

both

54
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms adapting to lumminance

A

pupil size, cones and rods switch dark adaptation ( bleaching and regeneration) and field adaptation

55
Q

what is field adaption

A

light adaptation, automatic gain control within photoreceptor - calcium release mechanism

56
Q

sensitivity verus acuity is what

A

an adaptation which is a constant trade-off of the 2

57
Q

Rods are more sensitive than cones t or f

A

T

58
Q

how long does it take to regenerate rods cells

A

20min

59
Q

under mescopic conditions rods and cones may..

A

converge together

60
Q

visual sesnitivity gradually increases over 20min in

A

dark

61
Q

cones adapt faster but rods

A

take over as their threshold is lower

62
Q

field adaptation copes with fast ..

A

changes in light

63
Q

biopolars, horizontals and amacrines do what

A

retinal processing partically, reducing things of interest, changes - spacial and temporal

64
Q

the ganglion cell is the final output of what

A

the retina

65
Q

each ganglion cell may repsond to

A

many photoreceptors

66
Q

use light shone on a retina to find what

A

the ganglion receptive field

67
Q

Some photoreceptors excite the ganglion cell, some inhibit.
Forms a centre-surround shape, causing

A

lateral inhibition

68
Q

lateral inhibition is

A

mediated by horizontal cells

69
Q

lateral inhibition explained-

A

the surrounding context impacts what your retina sees

70
Q

1 rod cell and 3

A

cone cell

71
Q

what can colour be defined by 2

A

saturation and hue

72
Q

where does colour processing take place

A

the retina

73
Q

ganglion cells dont respond to which colours

A

green blue or red - alone but do combinations

74
Q

colour constancy is ..

A

when colours tend to look the same despite large changes in wavelength of illuminating light

75
Q

colour blind or deuteranope is

A

lack of green receptor

76
Q

which part of brain does a left visual enter

A

right

77
Q

where does the optic nerve split

A

optic chiasm

78
Q

informtaion if relayed to where via the lateral geniculate nucleus - in thalamus

A

visual cortex

79
Q
A

Control of movement (15 decks)

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