Basal ganglia

Question 1

what happens if the motor cortex is damaged

Answer 1

will cause paralysis or spacisity

Question 2

is the moto cortex direct or indirect out put

Answer 2

direct

Question 3

what spinal tract is the motor cortex linked to

Answer 3

corticospinal

Question 4

what type of information does the cerebellum receive

Answer 4

afferent from the spinal cord

Question 5

what is caused when the cerebellum is damaged

Answer 5

inaccurate or poorly timed movement / ataxia

Question 6

the cerebellum does what

Answer 6

modulates/ regulates movement accuracy

Question 7

what does the basal ganglia do

Answer 7

controls the strategic aspects of movement

Question 8

what type of movement is the basal ganglia responsible for

Answer 8

involuntary movements like- tremors, chorea ( jerking), and athetosis (abnormal muscle contraction )

Question 9

the basal ganglia is connected to the spinal cord - T or F

Answer 9

false

Question 10

what does damage to the basal ganglia result in

Answer 10

problems in initiating and terminating movement

Question 11

what is the differences between basal gaglia and cerebellum

Answer 11

BG - widespread connections to the cerebral cortex via thalamus / not just involved with movement/ is linked to behavior and emotion

Cerebellum - connections onto to sensorimotor areas of cerebral cortex/ receives info from the brainstem and spinal cord and is involved only with movement

Question 12

how many nuclei are there in the basal ganglia

Answer 12

5

Question 13

what are the 5 names of the BG

Answer 13

Caudate
putamen
globus pallidus - internal and external
subthalamic nucleus - STN
substantia nigra - pars compacta and pars reticulata

Question 14

what is a striatum

Answer 14

is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.

Question 15

what are the main 2 of the striatum

Answer 15

Putamen and Caudate

Question 16

what is the largest nuclei in BG

Answer 16

Caudate and putamen

Question 17

what type of information does the striatum receive

Answer 17

direct and indirect via the thalamus - connections from the cerebral cortex

Question 18

which nuclei does the striatum project to

Answer 18

globus pallidus and substantia nigra both through the striatonigral pathway

Question 19

STN - subthalamic nuclei forms indirect pathway between what

Answer 19

GPE and SNr

Question 20

GPI and SNR are the what of the basal ganglia

Answer 20

out put centre

Question 21

what does the output Centre do in the BG

Answer 21

send inhibitory signals to the thalamus

Question 22

where does the output from GPI and SNR go

Answer 22

the thalamus

Question 23

The BG recieves excitatory input from the Cerebral cortex which sends signals to the …. which what..

Answer 23

thalamus - suppressing the motor cortical activity

Question 24

excessive basal ganglia input results in…

Answer 24

slow movement and reduced input results in enhanced moveemnts

Question 25

what is the transcortical loop

Answer 25

a loop of connections between 3 key parts for movement

Question 26

the loop is made of what

Answer 26

cerebral cortex , BG and thalamus

Question 27

what is the first step in the loop

Answer 27

striatum, and putamen, receives vast array of inputs from the cerebral cortex - motor and sensory

Question 28

what step in the loop is this - striatum, and putamen, receives vast array of inputs from the cerebral cortex - motor and sensory

Answer 28

1

Question 29

what is the second step in the loop

Answer 29

output of GPI and SNr project to thalamus - an inhibitory signal

Question 30

what step in the sequence is this - output of GPI and SNr project to thalamus - an inhibitory signal

Answer 30

2

Question 31

what step in the loop is this - Inhibited thalamus projects motor cortex thus suppressing the movement

Answer 31

3

Question 32

what is the 3rd step in the loop

Answer 32

Inhibited thalamus projects motor cortex thus suppressing the movement

Question 33

what are the 3 neurotransmitters

Answer 33

excitatory - glutamate - open arrows inhibitory - GABA- filled arrows mixed - dopamine - mixed arrows

Question 34

what is the thalamus receiving

Answer 34

inhibitory signals from BG

Question 35

What type of neuroT. Is used in the direct pathway - resulting in disinhibition and resulting in facilitating movement

Answer 35

2 inhibitory signals

Question 36

what does indirect pathway involve

Answer 36

excitation of inhibition thereby supressing movement

Question 37

direct pathway means

Answer 37

movement

Question 38

indirect pathway means

Answer 38

suppressed movement

Question 39

Where does dopamine come from

Answer 39

SNc

Question 40

dopamine can effect in what 2 ways

Answer 40

excite in the direct path inhibit in indirect pathway

Question 41

what does it depend on what effect dopamine has

Answer 41

which receptor it binds too

Question 42

what effect does dopmine have

Answer 42

disinhibits thalamic output thereby facilitating movement

Question 43

parkinsons is caused by what

Answer 43

increased activation of indirect pathway and decreased activation of direct pathway causing movement to be supressed

Question 44

what is huntingtins caused by

Answer 44

decreased activation of indirect pathway and increased activation of direct pathway - movement is facilitated

Question 45

what type of cells do Parkinson's lose

Answer 45

dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra

Question 46

parkinsons symptoms

Answer 46

bradykinesia - slow movement akinesia - inability to initiate movement rigidity tremor postural instability

Question 47

parkinsons treatments

Answer 47

deep brain stimulation, disrupting the STN, inhibits indirect pathways thereby inhibiting thalamic inhibition

Question 48

symptoms of Huntington's

Answer 48

rapid, jerky motions with no clear purpose

Question 49

is huntingtons caused by a gene in selective atrophy of striatum

Answer 49

true

Question 50

is parkinsons hypo or hyper kinetic

Answer 50

hypo

Question 51

is huntingtons hypo or hyper kinetic

Answer 51

hyper

Question 52

dopaminergic cells are lost in which disease

Answer 52

parkinsons

Question 53

atrophy of striatum is in which disease

Answer 53

huntingtons