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Control of movement > Basal ganglia > Flashcards

Basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

what happens if the motor cortex is damaged

A

will cause paralysis or spacisity

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2
Q

is the moto cortex direct or indirect out put

A

direct

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3
Q

what spinal tract is the motor cortex linked to

A

corticospinal

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4
Q

what type of information does the cerebellum receive

A

afferent from the spinal cord

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5
Q

what is caused when the cerebellum is damaged

A

inaccurate or poorly timed movement / ataxia

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6
Q

the cerebellum does what

A

modulates/ regulates movement accuracy

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7
Q

what does the basal ganglia do

A

controls the strategic aspects of movement

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8
Q

what type of movement is the basal ganglia responsible for

A

involuntary movements like- tremors, chorea ( jerking), and athetosis (abnormal muscle contraction )

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9
Q

the basal ganglia is connected to the spinal cord - T or F

A

false

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10
Q

what does damage to the basal ganglia result in

A

problems in initiating and terminating movement

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11
Q

what is the differences between basal gaglia and cerebellum

A

BG - widespread connections to the cerebral cortex via thalamus / not just involved with movement/ is linked to behavior and emotion

Cerebellum - connections onto to sensorimotor areas of cerebral cortex/ receives info from the brainstem and spinal cord and is involved only with movement

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12
Q

how many nuclei are there in the basal ganglia

A

5

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13
Q

what are the 5 names of the BG

A

Caudate
putamen
globus pallidus - internal and external
subthalamic nucleus - STN
substantia nigra - pars compacta and pars reticulata

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14
Q

what is a striatum

A

is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.

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15
Q

what are the main 2 of the striatum

A

Putamen and Caudate

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16
Q

what is the largest nuclei in BG

A

Caudate and putamen

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17
Q

what type of information does the striatum receive

A

direct and indirect via the thalamus - connections from the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

which nuclei does the striatum project to

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra both through the striatonigral pathway

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19
Q

STN - subthalamic nuclei forms indirect pathway between what

A

GPE and SNr

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20
Q

GPI and SNR are the what of the basal ganglia

A

out put centre

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21
Q

what does the output Centre do in the BG

A

send inhibitory signals to the thalamus

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22
Q

where does the output from GPI and SNR go

A

the thalamus

23
Q

The BG recieves excitatory input from the Cerebral cortex which sends signals to the …. which what..

A

thalamus - suppressing the motor cortical activity

24
Q

excessive basal ganglia input results in…

A

slow movement and reduced input results in enhanced moveemnts

25
Q

what is the transcortical loop

A

a loop of connections between 3 key parts for movement

26
Q

the loop is made of what

A

cerebral cortex , BG and thalamus

27
Q

what is the first step in the loop

A

striatum, and putamen, receives vast array of inputs from the cerebral cortex - motor and sensory

28
Q

what step in the loop is this - striatum, and putamen, receives vast array of inputs from the cerebral cortex - motor and sensory

A

1

29
Q

what is the second step in the loop

A

output of GPI and SNr project to thalamus - an inhibitory signal

30
Q

what step in the sequence is this - output of GPI and SNr project to thalamus - an inhibitory signal

A

2

31
Q

what step in the loop is this - Inhibited thalamus projects motor cortex thus suppressing the movement

A

3

32
Q

what is the 3rd step in the loop

A

Inhibited thalamus projects motor cortex thus suppressing the movement

33
Q

what are the 3 neurotransmitters

A

excitatory - glutamate - open arrows
inhibitory - GABA- filled arrows
mixed - dopamine - mixed arrows

34
Q

what is the thalamus receiving

A

inhibitory signals from BG

35
Q

What type of neuroT. Is used in the direct pathway - resulting in disinhibition and resulting in facilitating movement

A

2 inhibitory signals

36
Q

what does indirect pathway involve

A

excitation of inhibition thereby supressing movement

37
Q

direct pathway means

A

movement

38
Q

indirect pathway means

A

suppressed movement

39
Q

Where does dopamine come from

A

SNc

40
Q

dopamine can effect in what 2 ways

A

excite in the direct path
inhibit in indirect pathway

41
Q

what does it depend on what effect dopamine has

A

which receptor it binds too

42
Q

what effect does dopmine have

A

disinhibits thalamic output thereby facilitating movement

43
Q

parkinsons is caused by what

A

increased activation of indirect pathway and decreased activation of direct pathway causing movement to be supressed

44
Q

what is huntingtins caused by

A

decreased activation of indirect pathway and increased activation of direct pathway - movement is facilitated

45
Q

what type of cells do Parkinson’s lose

A

dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra

46
Q

parkinsons symptoms

A

bradykinesia - slow movement
akinesia - inability to initiate movement
rigidity
tremor
postural instability

47
Q

parkinsons treatments

A

deep brain stimulation, disrupting the STN, inhibits indirect pathways thereby inhibiting thalamic inhibition

48
Q

symptoms of Huntington’s

A

rapid, jerky motions with no clear purpose

49
Q

is huntingtons caused by a gene in selective atrophy of striatum

A

true

50
Q

is parkinsons hypo or hyper kinetic

A

hypo

51
Q

is huntingtons hypo or hyper kinetic

A

hyper

52
Q

dopaminergic cells are lost in which disease

A

parkinsons

53
Q

atrophy of striatum is in which disease

A

huntingtons

Control of movement (15 decks)

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