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Control of movement > hearing > Flashcards

hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound

A

alternating waveforms consisting of compression and refraction of air molecules

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2
Q

what is a sound wave

A

sound varies depending in how dense the air is

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3
Q

what 3 things can you use to define sound

A

wavelength, velocity and frequency

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4
Q

what is pitch discrimination

A

a concept in which the ears and the brain disassociate different frequencies to hear sounds and not jut one noise

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5
Q

what is the equation for wavelength

A

wavelength = velocity /frequency

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6
Q

what is wavelength

A

the distance between each trough

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7
Q

what is wavelength unit

A

lander

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8
Q

what is frequency aka ….

A

pitch

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9
Q

what is the sound amplitude ratio

A

intensity in decibels = 10log 10 intensity of unknown / intensity of standard

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10
Q

what is the amplitude of a sound

A

aka decibel

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11
Q

what is the mean threshold of hearing

A

10^-12 Wm^-2

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12
Q

how do you find out the intensity in decibels

A

multiply by log base 10

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13
Q

what is the standard

A

is the sound in which u can first hear- low unit (watts per square meter )

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14
Q

range of human hearing will differ t or f

A

t

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15
Q

what is range of frequency for human hearing

A

20 -20000hz/ 20khz

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16
Q

what is the threshold frequency?

A

20hz

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17
Q

what frequency is the rumbling with your fingers in your ears

A

25hz

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18
Q

music is what frequency

A

44khz- so you can hear it clearly at 20hz

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19
Q

140 decibels can cause what

A

damage - even if short

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20
Q

what decreases as you get older

A

auditory hair cells

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21
Q

lack of hair cells impacts what

A

higher frequencies

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22
Q

what do we call hearing loss

A

Prebycusis

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23
Q

what are the 3 basic parts of the ear

A

inner, outer and middle

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24
Q

ears can what sound

A

discriminate

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25
Q

what is the bone above the outer ear

A

temporal

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26
Q

where is the ear drum located

A

outer canal

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27
Q

which part does the work in the ear

A

inner - needs movement to move

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28
Q

the sound goes through the tunnel, strikes the air drum which strikes the bones in the middle ear which then

A

bones strike the cochlea and the sound moves through fluid

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29
Q

why wouldnt not having the middle ossical bones work

A

due to the fluid - it allows movement back and forwards - if rigid it wouldnt move - allowing flexibility -

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30
Q

what is the membrane inside the inner ear

A

basilar membrane

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31
Q

what are the 3 bones in the ears

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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32
Q

the middle ear acts as a

A

lever

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33
Q

the middle ear lever converts high amplitude and low force motion into…

A

low amplitude and high force motion at the oval window

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34
Q

what is impedance matching mechanism

A

the process of matching the impedance within the middle ear

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35
Q

what would happen if the bone was connected directly to the oval window

A

The sound would stop dead due to high amplitudes moving with temperature

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36
Q

which bone is connected to the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

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37
Q

stapes - smallest bone in the body connected to

A

the oval window

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38
Q

what is the stapedius reflex

A

the contract of the muscles - tensor tympani, stapedius - pull stapes away from the oval window

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39
Q

the stapedius reflex decreases what

A

transmission of energy to cochlea

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40
Q

the strapedius reflex occurs in response to what

A

loud noise

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41
Q

what is the main job of the strapedius reflex

A

help prevent ear damage

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42
Q

what are the 3 chambers in the inner ear

A

3 scaley
vestibuli, media (middle) tympani

43
Q

how do you transduce that motion into a neural signal

A

through the organ of corti

44
Q

where is the organ of corti

A

in the media channel

45
Q

what nerve is connected to organ of corti

A

auditory nerve

46
Q

what are the 2 hair cells in the organ of corti

A

inner hair sensation and outer hair motors

47
Q

what are the 2 hair cells in the organ of corti connected to

A

the tectorial membrane

48
Q

what do vestibular hair cells detect

A

physical motion

49
Q

auditory hair detect what

A

physical motion

50
Q

what causes the basilar membrane to move

A

the fluid moving in the vestibular and tympani

51
Q

what activates the hair cells

A

the movement from the cochlea in the vestibule and tympani movement which will effect the tectorial membrane and the hair cells

52
Q

what are the two hair cells inhibition

A

stereocilia and kinocilium

53
Q

which hair cell inhibit of transmission release

A

stereocilia

54
Q

which hair cell activates transmitter release

A

kinocilium

55
Q

what is pitch place theory

A
56
Q

how does the basilar membrane oscillation vary- pitch place theory

A

due to the size of the channel - it gets smaller the length gets longer- due to mechanics - high frequency at entrance by oval

57
Q

pitch place theory is

A

pitch / freqency varies along different places

58
Q

what is Fourier analyser

A

math technique - breaks down repetitive wave form into a series of waves with amplitudes and phases

59
Q

the ear acts as a what

A

Fourier analyser - it decomposes time based sound signals into frequency (decreasing hz)

60
Q

how does the ear fourier

A

the membrane breaks up the sound and decreases the frequency as it goes down the further distance

61
Q

active undampening / positive feedback outer hair cells

A

the sound moving through the cell and reverse it back

62
Q

why is discriminating noise important for humans

A

because we communicate through speech

63
Q

the loudness of fewquency can be adjusted to get what

A

the same effect - through contours

64
Q

what is an audio gram

A

A graph that shows hearing loss and a record produced by auditory- can see peoples threshold of hearing

65
Q

hearing loss can be caused by what

A

loud noises, long term loud nosie or one big burst depedning on frequency and loudness

66
Q

auditory pathway
what is the main part of the brain for hearing

A

primary auditory cortex

67
Q

what is the brain primary auditory cortex connected too

A

cochlea

68
Q

what is the superior olive

A

brainstem

69
Q

latencies on eeg can indicate what

A

how far the cochlea is

70
Q

where is the auditory cortex

A

in the temporal

71
Q

what 2 areas of speech can we identify?

A

Brocas speech and Wernickes speech-in frontal lobe

72
Q

what role do werkines and broca -

A

understanding (W) and generation speech ( b)

73
Q

stroke can impact the speech why

A

damage to b r w can impacting speaking

74
Q

what does broca impact

A

making speech

75
Q

what does wernicke impact

A

speech interpretation

76
Q

where are the b and w for speech

A

cerebral cortex

77
Q

range is ..

A

distance

78
Q

what is bearing

A

azimuth and elevation
up or down , left or right - or angle of direction

79
Q

cocktail party effect is important why

A

to differentiate background and frontal noise and speech

80
Q

what cues help when listening

A

lip reading, visual, reading- sound localisation is key tho

81
Q

distances impact sound localisation because of ..

A

frequency changes

82
Q

judging distance what things will effect this

A

frequency , echos, expectation, timbre/ bass travels best, silibants worst, reverb

83
Q

judging direction is what 3 things

A

intra aural,- timing n
intra aural volume and specttral colouring - by head and pinna

84
Q

Intra-aural volume distances
ILD
better for what frequency sounds

A

high

85
Q

you head does what to sound

A

attenuating

86
Q

far away speech is what

A

more bassey

87
Q

sibilants are what

A

attenuated

88
Q

timing differences
distance effects sound in terms of what example

A

closer the source to which- inter aural timing difference- ear is where it will reach first

89
Q

jeffress theory - superior olive in brainstem where sound will…

A

arrive first

90
Q

the neurons in superior olive act as a

A

coincidence detector

91
Q

what is a phase difference

A

when the peak of wave hits the ear at a different time as the trough hits the other ear due to the position of how the waves hit the head- continuous sound

92
Q

how does head size matter

A

big head = large distance for wave length to hit both ears

93
Q

how does animals use timing or loudness differently

A

elephant - distant bc of bigger head and smaller loudness relies on distance for predators

94
Q

cone of confusion is what

A

sound
effects you from the front and back as they strike ears at the same time rather left to right more commonly but nt impossible for left to right - physics of the head

95
Q

bobbing head shows what

A

trying to use cone of confusion

96
Q

big ears can help with sound waves how

A

cone shape pick up more sound- active pinna to funnel noise in the ear

97
Q

what is binural microphone

A

asmr double micorphones

98
Q

sound with narrow bands of frequency and gradual onsets are hard to..

A

localize

99
Q

auditory reaction times average is what time

A

140-160ms

100
Q

visual reaction is slower by how many average

A

20-40ms - 160-200ms

101
Q

sound takes …. per meter

A

3ms

102
Q

higher frequency means a faster reaction t or f

A

f

103
Q

startle reponse is what

A

flexion of shoulder, protective - response to loud noise

104
Q

startle may impact reaction time and decrease reaction time t or f

A

t - moot point

Control of movement (15 decks)

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