MSK 21 - Gluteal region and posterior thigh

Question 1

where does the gluteal region lie and what are its boundaries

Answer 1

posterior to the pelvis

superior border - iliac crests, inferior border - gluteal sulcus created by gluteus maximus muscle

Question 2

the ASIS is in the same plane as what structure of the pelvis

Answer 2

pubic symphysis

Question 3

what are the 3 pelvic bones

Answer 3

ilium

ischium

pubis

Question 4

where do the 3 hip bones come together and fuse

Answer 4

at the acetabulum

Question 5

what are the 2 pelvic ligaments

Answer 5

sacrospinous ligament

sacrotuberous ligament

Question 6

what are the attachments of the sacrospinous ligament

Answer 6

inside of the sacrum to ischial spine

Question 7

which pelvic ligament is more superficial/anterior

Answer 7

sacrotuberous ligament is more superficial/anterior than the sacrospinous ligament

Question 8

what are the attachments of the sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 8

sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

Question 9

the sacrotuberous ligament is continuous with what structure

Answer 9

with the posterior sacroiliac ligament

Question 10

via the pelvis ligaments the ___ notch is converted into the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 10

the sciatic notch

Question 11

the greater sciatic foramen allows passage of what structures to where

Answer 11

passage for all lower limb arteries and nerves out of the pelvis into the gluteal region

Question 12

how many nerves, arteries and muscles pass through the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 12

7 nerves

3 arteries

1 muscle

Question 13

the lesser sciatic foramen allows passage of what structures to where

Answer 13

passageway for structures entering/leaving the perineum

Question 14

what nerve passes through the lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 14

pudendal nerve

Question 15

what is the path of the pudendal nerve

Answer 15

pudendal nerve exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and enters pelvis again via lesser sciatic foramen

Question 16

where is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus

Answer 16

origin = upper ilium, posterior sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament

insertion = iliotibial band and femoral tuberosity

Question 17

what is the action of the gluteus maximus

Answer 17

extends and laterally rotates the hip when moving from sitting to standing up

Question 18

what nerves supply the gluteus maximus - what spinal levels

Answer 18

inferior gluteal nerve

L5, S1 and S2 from sacral plexus

Question 19

what artery supplies the gluteus maximus

Answer 19

inferior gluteal artery

Question 20

where is the origin and insertion of the gluteus medius muscle

Answer 20

origin = iliuim (between the posterior and middle gluteal lines)

insertion = greater trochanter of femur

Question 21

where is the origin and insertion of the gluteus minimus

Answer 21

origin = iliuim (between the inferior and middle gluteal lines)

insertion = greater trochanter of femur

Question 22

what is the function of gluteus medius

Answer 22

abducts and internally rotates thigh

stabilizes pelvis when walking (maintains pelvis at level when standing on one leg during walking and holds leg stable while you lift the other leg)

Question 23

what is the function of gluteus minimus

Answer 23

abducts and internally rotates thigh

Question 24

what is the innervation of gluteus medius - what spinal levels

Answer 24

superior gluteal nerve

L4 L5 and S1

Question 25

what is the innervation of gluteus minimus - what spinal levels

Answer 25

superior gluteal nerve L4 L5 and S1

Question 26

what is the origin and insertion of the tensor fascia lata

Answer 26

origin = ASIS and iliac crest insertion = iliotibial band

Question 27

what is the function of the tensor fascia lata

Answer 27

abductor of thigh dynamically stabilizes pelvis when walking to prevent pelvis tilting to side of raised leg

Question 28

what is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata - what spinal levels

Answer 28

superior gluteal nerve L4, L5 and S1

Question 29

what is the origin and insertion of the piriformis muscle

Answer 29

origin = anterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament insertion = greater trochanter

Question 30

what is the function of the piriformis

Answer 30

externally rotates thigh

Question 31

what is the innervation of piriformis

Answer 31

sacral plexus

Question 32

what is the origin and insertion of the oburator internus muscle

Answer 32

origin = obturator foramen insertion = greater trochanter

Question 33

what is the function of the obturator internus

Answer 33

externally rotates thigh

Question 34

what is the innervation of the obturator internus

Answer 34

nerve to obturator internus via sacral plexus

Question 35

what is the origin and insertion of the superior and inferior gemelli

Answer 35

origin = ischial tuberosity and ischial spine insertion = greater trochanter

Question 36

what is the function of the superior and inferior gemelli

Answer 36

externally rotates the thigh

Question 37

what is the innervation of the superior and inferior gemelli

Answer 37

superior = nerve to obturator internus inferior = nerve to quadratus femoris via sacral plexus

Question 38

what is the origin and insertion of quadratus femoris

Answer 38

origin = ischial tuberosity insertion = quadrate tubercle (inter trochanteric crest of femur)

Question 39

what is the function of the quadratus femoris

Answer 39

externally rotate thigh

Question 40

what is the innervation to quadratus femoris

Answer 40

nerve to quadratus femoris via sacral plexus

Question 41

what are the 3.5 posterior thigh muscles called

Answer 41

hamstrings

Question 42

what are the 3.5 posterior thigh muscles

Answer 42

biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus

Question 43

what is the origin and insertion of biceps femoris

Answer 43

origins = ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea aspera (short head) insertion = head of fibula (both heads)

Question 44

what is the function of the biceps femoris

Answer 44

flexes and externally rotates leg at knee extends thigh at hip dynamic support for lateral side of knee stability

Question 45

what is the innervation of the biceps femoris - what spinal level

Answer 45

long head = sciatic nerve (tibial) short head = peroneal nerve (L4-S2)

Question 46

all the posterior thigh muscles are innervated by which nerve - what is the exception

Answer 46

sciatic nerve (tibial) except for short head bicep femoris (peroneal nerve)

Question 47

what is the main function of the posterior thigh muscles

Answer 47

extend thigh and flex knee

Question 48

what is the most lateral posterior thigh muscle

Answer 48

bicep femoris

Question 49

what is the insertion and origin of semimembranosus

Answer 49

origin = ischial tuberosity insertion = medial condyle of tibia

Question 50

what is the insertion and origin of semitendonosis

Answer 50

origin = ischial tuberosity insertion = pes ansernius (superior medial tibia)

Question 51

what is the function of the semimembranosus

Answer 51

flexes and internally rotates knee extends thigh

Question 52

what is the function of the semitendinosus

Answer 52

flexes and internally rotates knee extends thigh

Question 53

what is the innervation for semimembranosus what spinal levels

Answer 53

tibial portion of sciatic nerve L5, S1, S2

Question 54

what is the innervation for semitendinosus what spinal levels

Answer 54

tibial portion of sciatic nerve L5, S1, S2

Question 55

which of the following is more superficial semimembranosus or semitendinosus

Answer 55

semitendinosus is superficial to semimembranosus

Question 56

what is side of the posterior leg are semimembranosus and semitendinosus located on

Answer 56

medial side

Question 57

what is the origin and insertion of adductor magnus

Answer 57

origin = inferior pubic ramus (adductor part) and ischial tuberosity (hamstring part) insertion = adductor tubercle on femur

Question 58

what are the 2 parts of the adductor magnus

Answer 58

adductor part and hamstring part

Question 59

what is the function of adductor magnus

Answer 59

adducts thigh extends thigh

Question 60

what is the innervation of adductor magnus

Answer 60

tibial portion of sciatic nerve

Question 61

what are the arteries and nerves arising above and below piriformis

Answer 61

superior and inferior gluteal arteries and nerves

Question 62

where does the sciatic nerve emerge in relation to muscles

Answer 62

inferiorly to piriformis' lower border

Question 63

where does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh emerge from and what does it supply

Answer 63

emerges medial to sciatic nerve supplies skin to back of thigh

Question 64

what structures is supplied by pudendal nerve

Answer 64

perineal structures

Question 65

the gluteal arteries arise from what artery

Answer 65

from the internal iliac arteries

Question 66

the superior and inferior gluteal arteries leave pelvis through what structure and how do they travel in relation to the piriformis

Answer 66

leave via greater sciatic foramen pass superiorly and inferiorly to piriformis

Question 67

how does the internal pudendal artery leave the pelvis and what is its path

Answer 67

via greater foramen hooks around ischial spine to enter pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen

Question 68

what do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries anastomose with

Answer 68

with the circumflex arteries

Question 69

what is the safe side to inject in the buttock

Answer 69

supero lateral part of buttock

Question 70

what is Trendelenburg gait and what causes this

Answer 70

caused by gluteus medius injury weakened thigh abduction on affected side so when standing on affected leg the pelvis tilts down on unaffected side