MSK 20 - Joints and joint tissues

Question 1

what are the 3 types of joints under the functional classification

Answer 1

synarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

diarthrosis

Question 2

what is the movement permitted by synarthrosis joints and what type of material is associated with this type of joint

Answer 2

no movement

fibrous

Question 3

what is the movement permitted by amphiarthrosis joints and what type of material is associated with this type of joint

Answer 3

slightly moveable

cartilaginous

Question 4

what is the movement permitted by diarthrosis joints and what type of material is associated with this type of joint

Answer 4

freely moveable

synovial

Question 5

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints

Answer 5

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

Question 6

what is an example of a fibrous joint in the body and what do they do

Answer 6

the fibrous interosseous membrane

it stabilises the tibia/fibula as lots of movement is involved at their proximal and distal joints

Question 7

what is an example of a cartilaginous joint in the body

Answer 7

pubic symphysis

Question 8

what is an example of a synovial joint in the body

Answer 8

between the bones of the finger

Question 9

what are the 4 things that defines a synovial joint

Answer 9

joint space

articular cartilage

joint capsule

synovial fluid

Question 10

what does the joint space allow in a synovial joint

Answer 10

gives the joint room to move

Question 11

where is the articular cartilage in synovial joints

Answer 11

lines the ends of synovial joints

Question 12

what are the 2 components of the joint capsule in synovial joints

Answer 12

fibrous outer part

synovial membrane lining the inner part

Question 13

what are the 3 functions of the synovial fluid

Answer 13

lubrication to reduce friction

distributes the load during compression

provides nutrition to the cartilage

Question 14

how would you describe a symphysis joint in terms of what it does and its structure

Answer 14

connecting material

broad flat disc of fibrocartilage

Question 15

how would you describe a hinge joint in terms of what it does and its structure

Answer 15

convex surface fits into concave surface

Question 16

how would you describe a ball and socket joint in terms of what it does and its structure

Answer 16

ball like surface fits into cuplike depression

Question 17

what are the 4 stages of bone healing after fracture

Answer 17

reactive phase

reparative phase x2

bone remodeling phase

Question 18

what happens in the reactive phase in bone healing post fracture

Answer 18

formation of fracture hematoma

Question 19

when is the reactive phase in bone healing post fracture in terms of the time frame

Answer 19

in the first 6-8hrs

Question 20

what happens in the first reparative phase in bone healing post fracture

Answer 20

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

new blood supply comes in and osteoclasts tidy up the haematoma

fibroblasts from the perichondrium and chondrocytes lay down fibrocartilaginous glue to hold the 2 ends to stabilise the fracture

Question 21

what happens in the second reparative phase in bone healing post fracture

Answer 21

bony callus formation

cartilage is removed by osteoclasts and then osteoblast lays down new bone

Question 22

when is the reparative phase in bone healing post fracture in terms of the time frame

Answer 22

5 weeks on

Question 23

when is the bone remodeling phase in bone healing post fracture in terms of the time frame

Answer 23

over the next 12 months

Question 24

what are the 3 components of the intervertebral disc from contact with bone to the centre

Answer 24

vertebral end plate

annulus fibrosis

nucleus pulposus

Question 25

what is the material of the vertebral endplate

Answer 25

cartilaginous

Question 26

what is the material of annulus fibrosis

Answer 26

fibro-cartilagenous

Question 27

what material is nucleus pulposus high in

Answer 27

proteoglycans

Question 28

what does proteoglycans do for the nucleus pulposus

Answer 28

brings in water so allows shock absorption, compressibility and force distribution

Question 29

what does the annulus fibrosis do for the nucleus pulposus

Answer 29

constrains the nucleus pulposus and allows a fine balance in water content

Question 29

what happens in intervertebral disc disease and what is the main factor causing it

Answer 29

with increasing age

nucleus pulposus gets stiffer resulting in a decrease in its proteoglycan content and an increase in its collagen content

Question 30

what happens when the nucleus pulposus gets stiffer

Answer 30

the jelly NP centre is lost so cant distribute force across the spinal column

force that the NP contained spreads to the AF which overtime the AF weakens and NP pushes on AF getting rupture/bulge in disc that impinges on the spinal nerves

Question 31

for synovial joints what is its strength relative to other joints and where is it commonly found in the body

Answer 31

weaker than other joints

commonly found in the appendicular skeleton

Question 32

what does the outer fibrous capsule of the joint capsule do and what is it made of/its structure

Answer 32

resists over-extension of synovial joint

made of collagen fibres and perforated by nerves and blood vessels

Question 33

what does the inner synovial membrane of the joint capsule do - 3 things

Answer 33

lines joint capsule

secretes synovial fluid

provides nutrition to cartilage as cartilage is avascular

Question 34

what is in synovial fluid that helps with lubrication

Answer 34

hyaluronic acid

Question 35

what is the pros and cons of the avascular nature of the articular cartilage

Answer 35

pros = can put new cartilage to repair without getting massive immune reaction

cons = cant tell if its damaged and cant heal itself

Question 36

what is synovial fluid derived from

Answer 36

its an ultra-filtrate of blood plasma

Question 37

what are the clinical signs of osteoarthritis

Answer 37

erosion of articular cartilage

changes at synovium - thickening and inflammation

osteophytes/bony spurs growth

Question 38

what are 4 risks for primary OA

Answer 38

age
obesity
genetics
mechanics

Question 39

what are 2 risks for secondary OA

Answer 39

occupation - farmers and carpet layers

injury/trauma - ACL rupture causes

Question 40

what are 2 signs of severe OA seen on histology slides

Answer 40

thickening of bone to accommodate loading

can also get big pockets of bone marrow