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MED221A/B Lectures > MSK 04 - The nervous system overview > Flashcards

MSK 04 - The nervous system overview Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two components of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the CNS do with information

A

receives sensory information -> interprets information -> elicits response

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3
Q

what makes up the PNS

A

all other nervous tissue in body (eg peripheral spinal nerves, cranial nerves etc)

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4
Q

what does the PNS do with information

A

sends message to muscles and organs -> receptor sends info back to CNS

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5
Q

what is the ANS and what does it control

A

part of the CNS and PNS that subconsciously controls viscera and organs

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6
Q

is sensory info afferent/efferent

A

afferent

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7
Q

is motor info afferent/efferent

A

efferent

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8
Q

what are the two branches of motor command in the flow diagram

A

somatic NS and autonomic NS

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9
Q

what are the two divisions of ANS in the flow diagram

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

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10
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS

A

controls organs and glands

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11
Q

what does the somatic NS control

A

skeletal muscle

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12
Q

what are the two things that feed into the sensory afferent info pathway

A

visceral and somatic sensory receptors

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13
Q

what does the somatic sensory receptors relay info about

A

muscles, body position and skin sensations

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14
Q

what does the visceral sensory receptors relay info about

A

organs and viscera

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15
Q

what is the definition of a neural cortex

A

grey matter layer on brain surface

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16
Q

what is the definition of a centre

A

neuron cell body group in CNS that shares a common function

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17
Q

what is the definition of a nucleus

A

CNS center with distinct anatomical boundaries -usually in brainstem

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18
Q

what is the definition of a tract

A

axon bundle in CNS that shares a common origin, destination, and function (motor and sensory axons are in different tracts)

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19
Q

what is the definition of a column

A

tract group in specific area of spinal cord that relates to a specific function

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20
Q

what is the definition of a nerve

A

axon bundle in the PNS that can be sensory and motor mixed

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21
Q

why is the spine curved

A

curve keeps the centre of gravity over the centre of the body and above the pelvis

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22
Q

as you go down from c spine to l spine what happens to the degree of support and mobility

A

decrease mobility, increase support

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23
Q

how do the spinal nerve emerge from the c, t, and l spines

A

c spines nerves 1-7 emerge above corresponding vertebrae

c8 and all T and L nerve emerge below corresponding vertebrae

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24
Q

what is spinal cord enlargement based on

A

size of section and grey/white matter based on amount of sensory info coming in from area and area being controlled

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25
Q

where are the spinal cord enlargements in the spine

A

c spine and l spine due to limb information

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26
Q

is the ventral or dorsal grey matter larger

A

ventral

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27
Q

is ventral in charge of motor or sensory

A

motor

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28
Q

is dorsal in charge of motor or sensory

A

sensory

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29
Q

what is the progression of the two stages preceding the spinal nerve

A

dorsal/ventral rootlet -> dorsal/ventral root -> spinal nerve (mixed motor and sensory)

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30
Q

where does the spinal cord end - what structure, vertebral level

A

conus medullaris at L1/2 level

31
Q

what does the spinal cord become once it ends

A

cauda equina

32
Q

what is the filum terminale’s role

A

anchors spinal cord to the coccyx

33
Q

what are the three meninges layers from outer to inner and where is the subarachnoid space

A

dura mater

arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater

34
Q

what is contained in the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

35
Q

what is the denticulum ligament’s role and what does it do

A

connects the pia mater and dura mater thus holds the spinal cord steady in the CSF so that it doesnt move in the CSF

36
Q

how do you tell that a injury is a peripheral nerve injury

A

one level is broken and dysfunctional while levels above and below it still function

37
Q

how do you tell that a injury is a spinal cord injury

A

all function is lost below level that is broken

38
Q

in terms of the myotome what is C4 myotome responsible for

A

shoulder extension

39
Q

in terms of the myotome what is C5 myotome responsible for

A

elbow flexion

40
Q

in terms of the myotome what is C6 myotome responsible for

A

wrist extension

41
Q

in terms of the myotome what is C7 myotome responsible for

A

elbow extension

42
Q

in terms of the myotome what is C8 myotome responsible for

A

finger flexion

43
Q

in terms of the myotome what is T1 myotome responsible for

A

finger abduction

44
Q

in terms of the myotome what is L2 myotome responsible for

A

hip flexion

45
Q

in terms of the myotome what is L3 myotome responsible for

A

knee extension

46
Q

in terms of the myotome what is L4 myotome responsible for

A

ankle dorsiflexion

47
Q

in terms of the myotome what is L5 myotome responsible for

A

long toe extension

48
Q

in terms of the myotome what is S1 myotome responsible for

A

ankle plantar flexion

49
Q

what areas of the spinal cord levels are part of the symapthetic nervous system

A

level T1 - L2 of spinal cord

50
Q

what are chain ganglia

A

ganglia that are located close to the spinal cord

51
Q

what are collateral ganglia

A

ganglia that are located away from the spinal cord nearer to the organs

52
Q

what components make up the parasympathetic nervous system

A

cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord

53
Q

what are the 3 pathways for pre-ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and where do they innervate/go to in the body

A

A. synapse with chain post gangilia = goes to viscera

B. NO synapse = goes to thorax and head organs

C. synapse with collateral post ganglia = goes to abdominal organs

54
Q

in the peripheral nervous system:

when motor commands leave the somatic motor section of the ventral horn where do they travel to - 3 parts of the journey

A

ventral root -> spinal nerve -> dorsal ramus (back)/ventral ramus (body walls and limbs) -> skeletal muscle

55
Q

in the peripheral nervous system:

when motor commands leave the visceral motor section of the ventral horn where do they travel to - 2 parts of the journey of the PREganglionic fibres before they synapse at the symapthetic ganglion

A

preganglionic fibres exits via ventral root -> white ramus -> symapthetic ganglion

56
Q

in the peripheral nervous system:

what are the 2 pathways that the preganglionic fibres can go through when they have reached the sympathetic ganglion

A

synapse with post ganglionic fibres

dont synapse with post ganglionic fibres

57
Q

in the peripheral nervous system:

if the presympathetic ganglionic fibres synapse with post ganglionic fibres what are the 3 structures it passes through if it takes the gray ramus route and what do they innervate

A

post gang fibre -> grey ramus -> dorsal ramus (back)/ventral ramus (visceral organs) -> innervates smooth muscle and glands

58
Q

in the peripheral nervous system:

if the presympathetic ganglionic fibres synapse with post ganglionic fibres what are the 2 structures it passes through if it takes the symapth nerve route and what do they innervate

A

post gang fibre -> sympathetic nerve -> innervates smooth muscle. glands, and visceral organs of the thoracic cavity

59
Q

in the peripheral nervous system:

if the presympathetic ganglionic fibres DO NOT synapse with post ganglionic fibres what are the 3 structures it passes through and what do they innervate

A

pre gang fibre -> sympathetic nerve -> synapse w collateral ganglia -> innervate abdominal-pelvic viscera

60
Q

what are the 3 neuron arrangement rules in the sensory tract of the somatic nervous system

A
  1. different info travels in diff parts of the spinal cord
  2. lower body info travels medially on spinal cord
  3. somatotopic arrangement = info from different body regions travel seperately
61
Q

for the sensory tract pathway of the somatic nervous system fill in the gaps

1st order neuron -> ____ -> _____ -> _____ -> ______ -> ______ -> cerebral cortex

A

1st order neuron -> sensory tract -> brainstem -> decussates -> 2nd order neuron -> 3rd order neuron (thalamus) -> cerebral cortex

62
Q

in the somatic nervous system, for the descending motor tracts what are the 4 tracts in control of the subconscious commands

A

rubrospinal tract

medial reticulospinal tract

tectospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract

63
Q

in the somatic nervous system, for the descending motor tracts what are the 2 areas in control of the conscious commands

A

anterior corticospinal tract

lateral corticospinal tract

64
Q

what does the lateral corticospinal tract control

A

skeletal muscle

65
Q

what does the rubrospinal tract control

A

upper limb (voluntary)

66
Q

what does the tectospinal tract control

A

reflexive change in response to stimuli

67
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract control

A

motor command reflex to correct posture and balance

68
Q

in the somatic nervous system, for the descending motor tracts what controls the 4 tracts responsible for subconscious commands

A

brainstem

69
Q

for the motor tract pathway of the somatic nervous system fill in the gaps (for the side that does not decussate)

upper motor neuron -> ____ -> synapse with ____ -> _____

A

upper motor neuron -> brainstem -> synapse with cranial nerve nuclei -> skeletal muscle

70
Q

for the motor tract pathway of the somatic nervous system fill in the gaps (for the side that decussates)

upper motor neuron -> ____ -> decussates -> synapse with ____ -> ____

A

upper motor neuron -> brainstem -> decussate -> synapse with lower motor neurons -> skeletal muscle

71
Q

for the peripheral nervous system describe the pathway of sensory info from somatic sensations to where it ends up at the somatic sensory section of the __ horn

4 parts

A

somatic sensations -> exteroceptors -> ventral (body wall and limbs) and dorsal (back) ramus -> spinal nerve -> dorsal root ganglion -> somatic sensory area of the dorsal horn

72
Q

for the peripheral nervous system describe the pathway of sensory info from somatic sensations to where it ends up at the visceral sensory section of the __ horn (4 parts)

what is the extra part that feeds into the spinal nerves

A

somatic sensations -> interoceptors -> ventral (body wall and limbs) and dorsal (back) ramus -> spinal nerve -> dorsal root ganglion -> somatic sensory area of the dorsal horn

ventral root (visceral organs) -> rami communicates -> spinal nerves

73
Q
A

MED221A/B Lectures (23 decks)

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