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MED221A/B Lectures > MSK 13 - Bone structure, growth and repair > Flashcards

MSK 13 - Bone structure, growth and repair Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

spongy and compact bone

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2
Q

what is compact bone in terms of strength and

A

dense bone strongest part of bone

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3
Q

what are the functional units of compact bone

A

osteons

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4
Q

where is compact bone found and what kind of stress directions is it able to withstand

A

on the periphery of bone near the diaphysis

areas with the highest forces - stresses in one direction

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5
Q

what are the functional units of spongy bone

A

trabeculae

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6
Q

what areas are spongy bone found in and what kind of stress directions is it able to withstand

A

where we want bones to be lighter

areas where stressors come from many directions

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7
Q

what is the periosteum

A

fibrous outer membrane of bone

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8
Q

what are the inner cells of the periosteum and what do they allow

A

progenitor cells allows osteoprogenesis

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9
Q

what process is periosteum important for

A

bone healing

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10
Q

what is the endosteum

A

inner lining of bone

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11
Q

every trabeculae is covered in what lining

A

endosteum

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12
Q

bone marrow is the source of what and what process is it involved in

A

source of RBC

involved in haemopoesis (blood making)

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13
Q

what is bone storing

A

fat/adipose tissue

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14
Q

what process is cartilage important for and what does it do

A

important in bone formation

joints bones together and cushions joints

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15
Q

what are lamallae

A

layers of bone matrix

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16
Q

what are osteons

A

single unit of bone

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17
Q

what is the structure of osteons and where are they found

A

only found in compact bone

structure is concentric rings of lamallae, hollow central canal for blood vessels, osteocytes lie in lacuna and use canciculi to communicate with each other

structure runs in same axis as the force

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18
Q

what are caniculi

A

channels in bone that allows cells to sit in and communicate with each other

facilitates nutrition

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19
Q

what bone is found in the epiphysis

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

what bone is found along the edge of the whole bone

A

compact bone

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21
Q

what is contained in the medullary cavity

A

marrow and blood

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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23
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells develop into

A

osteoblasts

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24
Q

what is an osteoprogenitor cell

A

stem cell that will form into an osteoblast

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25
where osteoprogenitor cells found
surface of the periosteum and endosteum
26
what do osteoblasts do
forms bone extracellular matrix secretes osteoid
27
where are osteoblasts found
under the peri or endosteum
28
what is osteoid
unmineralised bone - mainly collagen
29
what do osteocytes do
maintains bone tissue by sending messages to osteoblasts and osteoclasts controls bone metabolism
30
where are osteocytes found
encased in collagen embedded in bone matrix within its lacunae as it is encased in osteoid, osteocyte deposits minerals such as calcium salts and hardens the osteoid/bone
31
what do osteoclasts do
functions in resorption of bone and breakdown of bone extracellular matrix keeps bone turning over and replaces old bone by secreting acidic enzymes
32
what does the extracellular matrix of bone comprise of
collagen fibres, mineral salts that forms hydroxyapatite
33
what is ossification
process of bone formation by osteoblasts
34
what are the 2 types of bone formation in normal development and growth - not fracture
intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification
35
what is intramembranous ossification
bone forms directly from a fibrous membrane
36
what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification and what happens within each step
development of ossification centre calcification trabeculae formation periosteum development
37
what is endochondral ossification
bone forms from hyaline cartilage template
38
what are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification
cartilage model developed growth of cartilage model primary ossification centre development medullary cavity development secondary ossification centre development articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate formation
39
in endochondral ossification what happens in step 1: cartilage model development
mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, brings in osteoprogenitor cells
40
in endochondral ossification what happens in step 2: growth of cartilage model
chondrocyte cell division and blood vessels invade
41
in endochondral ossification what happens in step 3: development of primary ossfication centre
in diaphysis bone tissue replaces most of cartilage as the cartilage dies off as it is too large for nutrition diffusion (enchondral osteoclasts removes cartilage and osteoblasts lay down bone)
42
in endochondral ossification what happens in step 4: development of medullary cavity
bone breakdown via osteoclasts forms cavity
43
in endochondral ossification what happens in step 5: secondary ossification centre development
in epiphysis of bone (doesnt happen in every bone)
44
in endochondral ossification what happens in step 6: articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate formation
hyaline cartilage
45
in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 1: development of ossification centre
osteoblasts secrete organic ECM
46
in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 2: calcification
mineral salts deposited and ECM calcifies
47
in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 3: trabeculae formation
ECM develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone
48
in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 4: periosteum development
mesenchyme at bone periphery develops into the periosteum and eventually entraps vessels (periosteum, compact bone and spongy bone formed)
49
bones grow longer via what process and where does this happen
endochondral ossification at the growth plates
50
bones grow wider via what process and where does this happen
appositional growth on the outer layer and resorption on the inner surface
51
how does the epiphyseal growth plate grow
cells proliferate from zones of proliferating cartilage in column and pushes the epiphysis up once cartilage goes up the bone chases it and calcifies cartilage matrix as more bone
52
what is the epiphyseal growth plate
remnant of cartilage through development
53
what are the 4 steps of appositional growth when forming a primary osteon
osteoblasts in active periosteum bone continues to grow ridges come together and fuse to form a tunnel around the blood vessel - tunnel is lined w endosteum osteoblasts in the endosteum build concentric lamellae onto walls of the tunnel and it is slowly filled inwards toward the centre forming a new osteon bone continues to grow outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum forms new circumferential lamellae
54
what is a primary osteon
osteons formed around an existing blood vessel on surface of bone
55
how does spongy bone grow
grows outwards
56
where is the blood supply of spongy bone
in the medullary cavity
57
where is the blood supply of compact bone
blood vessels within haversian canals
58
how does compact bone grow
grows inwards until it forms a haversian canal
59
how do osteoclasts form a secondary osteon
osteoclasts bores through existing bone and creates a tunnel inside osteoblasts move in and line the tunnel wall forming new active endosteum and deposits osteoid on the tunnel walls layers of new concentric lamallae are put down and blood vessel grows into tunnel to supply active osteoblasts osteoblasts that are trapped in newly deposited bone become osteocytes and remaining osteoblasts either die or become osteoprogenitor cells and contribute to resting endosteum
60
what is the difference between creating a primary vs secondary osteon
primary osteons are created on the surface of a bone as it grows while secondary are created inside existing bone
61

MED221A/B Lectures (23 decks)

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