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MED221A/B Lectures > MSK 13 - Bone structure, growth and repair > Flashcards

MSK 13 - Bone structure, growth and repair Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

spongy and compact bone

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2
Q

what is compact bone in terms of strength and

A

dense bone strongest part of bone

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3
Q

what are the functional units of compact bone

A

osteons

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4
Q

where is compact bone found and what kind of stress directions is it able to withstand

A

on the periphery of bone near the diaphysis

areas with the highest forces - stresses in one direction

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5
Q

what are the functional units of spongy bone

A

trabeculae

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6
Q

what areas are spongy bone found in and what kind of stress directions is it able to withstand

A

where we want bones to be lighter

areas where stressors come from many directions

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7
Q

what is the periosteum

A

fibrous outer membrane of bone

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8
Q

what are the inner cells of the periosteum and what do they allow

A

progenitor cells allows osteoprogenesis

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9
Q

what process is periosteum important for

A

bone healing

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10
Q

what is the endosteum

A

inner lining of bone

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11
Q

every trabeculae is covered in what lining

A

endosteum

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12
Q

bone marrow is the source of what and what process is it involved in

A

source of RBC

involved in haemopoesis (blood making)

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13
Q

what is bone storing

A

fat/adipose tissue

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14
Q

what process is cartilage important for and what does it do

A

important in bone formation

joints bones together and cushions joints

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15
Q

what are lamallae

A

layers of bone matrix

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16
Q

what are osteons

A

single unit of bone

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17
Q

what is the structure of osteons and where are they found

A

only found in compact bone

structure is concentric rings of lamallae, hollow central canal for blood vessels, osteocytes lie in lacuna and use canciculi to communicate with each other

structure runs in same axis as the force

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18
Q

what are caniculi

A

channels in bone that allows cells to sit in and communicate with each other

facilitates nutrition

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19
Q

what bone is found in the epiphysis

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

what bone is found along the edge of the whole bone

A

compact bone

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21
Q

what is contained in the medullary cavity

A

marrow and blood

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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23
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells develop into

A

osteoblasts

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24
Q

what is an osteoprogenitor cell

A

stem cell that will form into an osteoblast

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25
Q

where osteoprogenitor cells found

A

surface of the periosteum and endosteum

26
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

forms bone extracellular matrix

secretes osteoid

27
Q

where are osteoblasts found

A

under the peri or endosteum

28
Q

what is osteoid

A

unmineralised bone - mainly collagen

29
Q

what do osteocytes do

A

maintains bone tissue by sending messages to osteoblasts and osteoclasts

controls bone metabolism

30
Q

where are osteocytes found

A

encased in collagen embedded in bone matrix within its lacunae

as it is encased in osteoid, osteocyte deposits minerals such as calcium salts and hardens the osteoid/bone

31
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

functions in resorption of bone and breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

keeps bone turning over and replaces old bone by secreting acidic enzymes

32
Q

what does the extracellular matrix of bone comprise of

A

collagen fibres, mineral salts that forms hydroxyapatite

33
Q

what is ossification

A

process of bone formation by osteoblasts

34
Q

what are the 2 types of bone formation in normal development and growth - not fracture

A

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

35
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

bone forms directly from a fibrous membrane

36
Q

what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification and what happens within each step

A

development of ossification centre

calcification

trabeculae formation

periosteum development

37
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

bone forms from hyaline cartilage template

38
Q

what are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification

A

cartilage model developed

growth of cartilage model

primary ossification centre development

medullary cavity development

secondary ossification centre development

articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate formation

39
Q

in endochondral ossification what happens in step 1: cartilage model development

A

mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, brings in osteoprogenitor cells

40
Q

in endochondral ossification what happens in step 2: growth of cartilage model

A

chondrocyte cell division and blood vessels invade

41
Q

in endochondral ossification what happens in step 3: development of primary ossfication centre

A

in diaphysis bone tissue replaces most of cartilage as the cartilage dies off as it is too large for nutrition diffusion (enchondral osteoclasts removes cartilage and osteoblasts lay down bone)

42
Q

in endochondral ossification what happens in step 4: development of medullary cavity

A

bone breakdown via osteoclasts forms cavity

43
Q

in endochondral ossification what happens in step 5: secondary ossification centre development

A

in epiphysis of bone (doesnt happen in every bone)

44
Q

in endochondral ossification what happens in step 6: articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate formation

A

hyaline cartilage

45
Q

in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 1: development of ossification centre

A

osteoblasts secrete organic ECM

46
Q

in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 2: calcification

A

mineral salts deposited and ECM calcifies

47
Q

in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 3: trabeculae formation

A

ECM develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone

48
Q

in intramembranous ossification what happens in step 4: periosteum development

A

mesenchyme at bone periphery develops into the periosteum and eventually entraps vessels (periosteum, compact bone and spongy bone formed)

49
Q

bones grow longer via what process and where does this happen

A

endochondral ossification at the growth plates

50
Q

bones grow wider via what process and where does this happen

A

appositional growth on the outer layer and resorption on the inner surface

51
Q

how does the epiphyseal growth plate grow

A

cells proliferate from zones of proliferating cartilage in column and pushes the epiphysis up

once cartilage goes up the bone chases it and calcifies cartilage matrix as more bone

52
Q

what is the epiphyseal growth plate

A

remnant of cartilage through development

53
Q

what are the 4 steps of appositional growth when forming a primary osteon

A

osteoblasts in active periosteum

bone continues to grow ridges come together and fuse to form a tunnel around the blood vessel - tunnel is lined w endosteum

osteoblasts in the endosteum build concentric lamellae onto walls of the tunnel and it is slowly filled inwards toward the centre forming a new osteon

bone continues to grow outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum forms new circumferential lamellae

54
Q

what is a primary osteon

A

osteons formed around an existing blood vessel on surface of bone

55
Q

how does spongy bone grow

A

grows outwards

56
Q

where is the blood supply of spongy bone

A

in the medullary cavity

57
Q

where is the blood supply of compact bone

A

blood vessels within haversian canals

58
Q

how does compact bone grow

A

grows inwards until it forms a haversian canal

59
Q

how do osteoclasts form a secondary osteon

A

osteoclasts bores through existing bone and creates a tunnel inside

osteoblasts move in and line the tunnel wall forming new active endosteum and deposits osteoid on the tunnel walls

layers of new concentric lamallae are put down and blood vessel grows into tunnel to supply active osteoblasts

osteoblasts that are trapped in newly deposited bone become osteocytes and remaining osteoblasts either die or become osteoprogenitor cells and contribute to resting endosteum

60
Q

what is the difference between creating a primary vs secondary osteon

A

primary osteons are created on the surface of a bone as it grows while secondary are created inside existing bone

61
Q
A

MED221A/B Lectures (23 decks)

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