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Anatomy And Physiology > Mouth And Esophagus > Flashcards

Mouth And Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the path of the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth- pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus

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2
Q

What are the functions of the alimentary canal?

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

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3
Q

What is mastication?

A

To chew

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4
Q

What is deglutition?

A

To swallow

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5
Q

What is gustation?

A

To taste

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6
Q

What are the 5 tastes?

A

Sweet, bitter, sour, salty, umami

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7
Q

What are the vallate papillae?

A

12 raised bumps each containing 100-300 taste buds, located at the back of the tongue

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8
Q

What are the fungiform papillae?

A

Raised bumps scattered over the tongue each containing 5 taste buds

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9
Q

What are the foliate papillae?

A

In the lateral margins of the tongue, you lose them as you get older

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10
Q

What is filliform papillae for?

A

Tactile sensations and friction, on the entire tongue, rough surface to move food

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11
Q

What are the cranial nerves involved in gustation?

A

Facial (anterior 2/3), glossopharyngeal (posterior 1/3), vagus (throat and epiglottis)

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12
Q

What does olfactory epithelium contain?

A

Receptor cells, basal cells and support cells

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13
Q

What do olfactory glands do?

A

Produce mucus, oderant molecules dissolved in nasal mucus for neural transduction to occur

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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15
Q

What are incisors for?

A

Cutting (8 of them)

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16
Q

What are canines for?

A

Tearing (4 of them)

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17
Q

What are premolars for?

A

Crushing ( 8 of them)

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18
Q

What are molars for?

A

Grinding (12 of them)

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19
Q

What are the two dentitions?

A

Deciduous and permanent

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20
Q

What are the layers of a tooth?

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Dentin
  3. Pulp-in pulp cavity
  4. periodontal ligament
  5. Nerve and blood supply
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21
Q

What is special about enamel?

A

Hardest substance in the body, doesn’t regrow

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22
Q

What do the periodontal ligaments do?

A

Attaches tooth to jaw, will get weak without vitamin C

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23
Q

What nerve supplies the teeth?

A

CNV

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24
Q

What does mastication require?

A

Teeth, tongue, cheeks i saliva and muscles of mastication

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25
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue innerveited by?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

26
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior longus, vertical, transverse, and inferior longus

27
Q

What nerve are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?

A

Hypoglossal and vagus nerves

28
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus

29
Q

What does the genioglossus do?

A

Only muscle to stick out the tongue

30
Q

What does the styloglossus muscle do?

A

Elevates the lateral edges of the tongue

31
Q

What does the hyoglossus muscle do?

A

Depresses tongue and retracts it

32
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal nerve and facial

33
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, buccinator and orbicularis oris

34
Q

What does the masseter do?

A

Biggest bite force, talking and chewing muscle

35
Q

What does the temporalis muscle do?

A

Closes mouth

36
Q

What do the pterygoid muscles do?

A

More your jaw side to side

37
Q

What does the buccinator do?

A

Allows cheek to change shape

38
Q

What does the orbicularis oris do?

A

Closes mouth, ring shape around mouth

39
Q

What nerve innervates the buccinator and orbicularis oris?

A

Facial nerve

40
Q

What is the vascular supply for mastication?

A

External carotid branches Off to the facial, maxillary and superficial temporal

41
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid (amylase) only serous
  2. Submandibular (amylase) mostly serous
  3. Sublingual (lipase) mostly mucin
42
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A

Water, amylase, mucin, lysozyme, IgA, defensins. Electrolytes

43
Q

What is the parasympathetic control of digestion?

A

Results in watery, enzyme rich saliva

44
Q

What is the sympathetic control of digestion?

A

Results in thick mucin-rich saliva (mainly sublingual)

45
Q

What are the deglutition phases?

A

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

46
Q

What happens in the voluntary phase of deglutation?

A

A conscious decision to swallow, uses oral cavity and tongue

47
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

A

Reflex initiated by stretch of oropharynx, closing of the nasal cavity and trachea

48
Q

What happens in the esophageal phase of deglutition?

A

Peristalsis, proximal 1/3 is skeletal muscle (could be stopped), distal 1/3 is smooth muscle

49
Q

What are the structures in deglutition?

A

Tongue, uvula, epiglottis, UES, esophagus, LES

50
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

51
Q

What is in the mucosa layer?

A

Nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

52
Q

What is in the submucosa layer?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

53
Q

What happens in late deglutition?

A
  1. Circular muscles contract, constricting passageway and pushing bolus down
  2. Longitudinal muscles contract shortening passageway ahead of bolus
  3. Gastroesophageal sphincter briefly opens to let bolus pass
54
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

part of the stomach went past the sphincter, heart burn, causes esophagus to erode

55
Q

What is GERD?

A

Hears burn presents as epigastric or sub-sternal chest pain

56
Q

What is GERD worsened by?

A

Smoking, alcohol, coffee, chocolate, peppermint, stress, obesity and pregnancy

57
Q

How do you treat GERD?

A

Smaller meals, maintain upright position after eating, avoid problematic foods, antacids

58
Q

What is contained in the taste bud?

A

Gustatory receptor cell which is protecting the sensory neuron

59
Q

What do the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium do?

A

Give rise to olfactory receptor cells, continuous turnover of these cells it what is unique to the olfactory system

60
Q

What does the esophagus have?

A

2 kinks and a hiatus

Anatomy And Physiology (13 decks)

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