Mouth And Esophagus

Question 1

What is the path of the alimentary canal?

Answer 1

Mouth- pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus

Question 2

What are the functions of the alimentary canal?

Answer 2

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

Question 3

What is mastication?

Answer 3

To chew

Question 4

What is deglutition?

Answer 4

To swallow

Question 5

What is gustation?

Answer 5

To taste

Question 6

What are the 5 tastes?

Answer 6

Sweet, bitter, sour, salty, umami

Question 7

What are the vallate papillae?

Answer 7

12 raised bumps each containing 100-300 taste buds, located at the back of the tongue

Question 8

What are the fungiform papillae?

Answer 8

Raised bumps scattered over the tongue each containing 5 taste buds

Question 9

What are the foliate papillae?

Answer 9

In the lateral margins of the tongue, you lose them as you get older

Question 10

What is filliform papillae for?

Answer 10

Tactile sensations and friction, on the entire tongue, rough surface to move food

Question 11

What are the cranial nerves involved in gustation?

Answer 11

Facial (anterior 2/3), glossopharyngeal (posterior 1/3), vagus (throat and epiglottis)

Question 12

What does olfactory epithelium contain?

Answer 12

Receptor cells, basal cells and support cells

Question 13

What do olfactory glands do?

Answer 13

Produce mucus, oderant molecules dissolved in nasal mucus for neural transduction to occur

Question 14

What are the 4 types of teeth?

Answer 14

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

Question 15

What are incisors for?

Answer 15

Cutting (8 of them)

Question 16

What are canines for?

Answer 16

Tearing (4 of them)

Question 17

What are premolars for?

Answer 17

Crushing ( 8 of them)

Question 18

What are molars for?

Answer 18

Grinding (12 of them)

Question 19

What are the two dentitions?

Answer 19

Deciduous and permanent

Question 20

What are the layers of a tooth?

Answer 20

1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Pulp-in pulp cavity
4. periodontal ligament
5. Nerve and blood supply

Question 21

What is special about enamel?

Answer 21

Hardest substance in the body, doesn’t regrow

Question 22

What do the periodontal ligaments do?

Answer 22

Attaches tooth to jaw, will get weak without vitamin C

Question 23

What nerve supplies the teeth?

Answer 23

CNV

Question 24

What does mastication require?

Answer 24

Teeth, tongue, cheeks i saliva and muscles of mastication

Question 25

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue innerveited by?

Answer 25

Hypoglossal nerve

Question 26

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 26

Superior longus, vertical, transverse, and inferior longus

Question 27

What nerve are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 27

Hypoglossal and vagus nerves

Question 28

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 28

Palatoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus

Question 29

What does the genioglossus do?

Answer 29

Only muscle to stick out the tongue

Question 30

What does the styloglossus muscle do?

Answer 30

Elevates the lateral edges of the tongue

Question 31

What does the hyoglossus muscle do?

Answer 31

Depresses tongue and retracts it

Question 32

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 32

Trigeminal nerve and facial

Question 33

What are the muscles of mastication?

Answer 33

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, buccinator and orbicularis oris

Question 34

What does the masseter do?

Answer 34

Biggest bite force, talking and chewing muscle

Question 35

What does the temporalis muscle do?

Answer 35

Closes mouth

Question 36

What do the pterygoid muscles do?

Answer 36

More your jaw side to side

Question 37

What does the buccinator do?

Answer 37

Allows cheek to change shape

Question 38

What does the orbicularis oris do?

Answer 38

Closes mouth, ring shape around mouth

Question 39

What nerve innervates the buccinator and orbicularis oris?

Answer 39

Facial nerve

Question 40

What is the vascular supply for mastication?

Answer 40

External carotid branches Off to the facial, maxillary and superficial temporal

Question 41

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

Answer 41

1. Parotid (amylase) only serous 2. Submandibular (amylase) mostly serous 3. Sublingual (lipase) mostly mucin

Question 42

What is the composition of saliva?

Answer 42

Water, amylase, mucin, lysozyme, IgA, defensins. Electrolytes

Question 43

What is the parasympathetic control of digestion?

Answer 43

Results in watery, enzyme rich saliva

Question 44

What is the sympathetic control of digestion?

Answer 44

Results in thick mucin-rich saliva (mainly sublingual)

Question 45

What are the deglutition phases?

Answer 45

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

Question 46

What happens in the voluntary phase of deglutation?

Answer 46

A conscious decision to swallow, uses oral cavity and tongue

Question 47

What happens in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

Answer 47

Reflex initiated by stretch of oropharynx, closing of the nasal cavity and trachea

Question 48

What happens in the esophageal phase of deglutition?

Answer 48

Peristalsis, proximal 1/3 is skeletal muscle (could be stopped), distal 1/3 is smooth muscle

Question 49

What are the structures in deglutition?

Answer 49

Tongue, uvula, epiglottis, UES, esophagus, LES

Question 50

What are the layers of the esophagus?

Answer 50

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

Question 51

What is in the mucosa layer?

Answer 51

Nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Question 52

What is in the submucosa layer?

Answer 52

Blood vessels and nerves

Question 53

What happens in late deglutition?

Answer 53

1. Circular muscles contract, constricting passageway and pushing bolus down 2. Longitudinal muscles contract shortening passageway ahead of bolus 3. Gastroesophageal sphincter briefly opens to let bolus pass

Question 54

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Answer 54

part of the stomach went past the sphincter, heart burn, causes esophagus to erode

Question 55

What is GERD?

Answer 55

Hears burn presents as epigastric or sub-sternal chest pain

Question 56

What is GERD worsened by?

Answer 56

Smoking, alcohol, coffee, chocolate, peppermint, stress, obesity and pregnancy

Question 57

How do you treat GERD?

Answer 57

Smaller meals, maintain upright position after eating, avoid problematic foods, antacids

Question 58

What is contained in the taste bud?

Answer 58

Gustatory receptor cell which is protecting the sensory neuron

Question 59

What do the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium do?

Answer 59

Give rise to olfactory receptor cells, continuous turnover of these cells it what is unique to the olfactory system

Question 60

What does the esophagus have?

Answer 60

2 kinks and a hiatus