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Anatomy And Physiology > Gas Exchange And Control Of Breathing > Flashcards

Gas Exchange And Control Of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760mmhg

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2
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressures?

A

In a mixture of gasses each gas will contribute to the total pressure in direct proportion to it’s percentage in the mixed gas

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3
Q

What happens to CO2 as atmospheric air enters the alveoli?

A

PCO2 increases due to the mixing with CO2 from the blood

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4
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as air enters the alveoli?

A

PO2 decreases due to the increase of CO2 and water

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5
Q

What happens to partial pressure of O2 when air leaves the alveoli?

A

PO2 increases due to mixing with dead space air

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6
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of CO2 when air leaves the alveoli?

A

PCO2 decreases due to mixing with dead space air

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7
Q

What happens in alveolar gas exchange?

A

As blood flows past alveoli pressures equiliberate

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8
Q

What is the alveolar partial pressure of CO2?

A

40 mmHg

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9
Q

What is the alveolar pressure of O2?

A

105 mmHg

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10
Q

What is the effect of a diffusion barrier on gas exchange?

A

An increased diffusion barrier would slow the exchange of oxygen but not CO2 because CO2 is more soluble than oxygen

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11
Q

Does ventilation differ throughout the lungs?

A

Yes, some areas get more oxygen than others

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12
Q

What is ventilation perfusion mismatch?

A

Sometimes there are regions of the lung where there is an imbalance between how well its ventilated and how much blood flow it gets

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13
Q

What is high ventilation/pefusion mismatch?

A

Not enough blood flow to a well ventilated area. Common cause is pulmonary embolism

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14
Q

What is low ventilation/perfusion mismatch?

A

Not enough ventilation of an area of good blood flow

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15
Q

How do you correct high ventilation/perfusion mismatch?

A

Arteriole relax to allow blood flow to the well ventilated areas

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16
Q

How do you correct low ventilation/pefusion mismatch?

A

Arteriole constrict to divert blood elsewhere

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17
Q

How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

A

2% dissolved, 70% as bicarbonate and 22% bound to hemoglobin

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18
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

An enzyme that assists conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons and bicarbonate

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19
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood?

A

1.5% dissolved and 98% bound to hemoglobin

20
Q

What are the properties of hemoglobin?

A
  • binds CO better than O2
  • binds up to 4O2
  • O2 binding leads to more O2 binding
  • binding with O2 can be reversed
  • binds O2 in relation to partial pressure
21
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

More oxygen binding leads to more oxygen binding

22
Q

What does the flat top of the hb dissociation curve mean?

A

Allows for lots of 02 pick up with respiratory failure

23
Q

What does the steep slope of the hb curve mean?

A

Allows tissue to pull off as much oxygen as needed

24
Q

How much O2 from Hb is released to tissues at rest?

A

25%

25
Q

How much O2 from Hb is released to tissues exercising?

A

65%

26
Q

What do tissues with a high metabolism do to the Hb-dissociation curve?

A

Shifts it to the right due to increase of carbon dioxide, decrease ph and increase temperature

27
Q

What is the purpose of breathing?

A

Maintain arterial blood gas levels

28
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group do?

A

Sends bursts of neural activity to the muscles of inspiration during quiet breathing

29
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group do?

A

Sends outputs to accessory muscles during forced breathing

30
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Ventral surface of the medulla

31
Q

What do central chemoreceptors do?

A

Sense CSF H+ levels which are influenced by carbon dioxide. They provide input to respiratory centres to maintain carbon dioxide at 40 mmHg

32
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid bodies and aortic arch

33
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do?

A

Ensures alveolar ventilation is at an appropriate level for the amount of tissue respiration occurring. They monitor PaCO2, PaI2 and arterial pH levels

34
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated by?

A

Increased PaCO2, decreased arterial pH and decreased PaO2

35
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

Muscles of breathing

36
Q

What does the pons control?

A

Smoothness, intensity and frequency via influence on dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

37
Q

What happens when barometric pressure increases?

A

Volume of gas contracts

38
Q

What happens when barometric pressure decreases?

A

The volume of gas expands

39
Q

Where in the body is oxygen content highest and lowest?

A

Highest in alveoli and lowest at the tissues where they’re consuming it

40
Q

Why is a high v/q ratio at the apex of the lung?

A

When you breathe in most of the air goes to the apex first because it’s closer to the primary bronchi

41
Q

Why is low v/q ratio at the base of the lungs?

A

Blood has an easier time getting to the base of the lung than air that has to go through all the bronchi

42
Q

What is carbamino hemoglobin?

A

Compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, when it binds and is transported by hemoglobin

43
Q

What structure modifies breathing patterns?

A

The brainstem

44
Q

What is the pontine respiratory group?

A

Acts as an off switch controlling the point at which inspiration stops and therefore determining the depth and frequency of breathing

45
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group do in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract leading to quiet inspiration

46
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group do in expiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal relax followed by elastic recoil of lungs which lead to normal quiet exhalation

47
Q

How does high blood pressure affect ventilation and gas exchange?

A

High bp can rupture the small vessels of the lungs resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and carbon dioxide (pulmonary hypertention)

Anatomy And Physiology (13 decks)

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