Motor Speech Disorders PP Flashcards
What is a motor speech disorder?
One has difficulty speaking related to problems of movement; this is due to a neurological injury or disorder.
What is another way to define apraxia?
neurological injury or disorder that affects motor planning
What is another way to define dysarthria
neurological injury or disorder that affects cooridation, timing, and execution of movement for speech production
What is something that motor speech disorders are NOT?
a language disorder
What may motor speech disorders coexist with?
Aphasia and/or cognitive impairments
What can dysarthria affect?
the speed, range, direction, strength and timing of motor mvmts for respiration, phonation, resonation and articulation for speech
What are the 4 subsystems of speech?
phonation, resonation, articulation, respiration
What are the main anatomical parts of the respiratory system?
abdominal, thoracic, and neck muscles; diaphragm, muscles between rib cage, lungs, and trachea
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
provides breathing : the source and force behind speech production
What is the primary structure of the phonatory system?
the larynx
What are other details associated with the phonatory system?
All vowels are voiced, helps produce voiced and voiceless consonants
What can be affected when the phonatory system breaks down?
volume, pitch, and quality
What is the larynx made of?
hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, vocal folds
What does the resonation subsystem consist of?
the pharyngeal, nasal and oral cavities and how air travels through them.
What are the main structures of the resonatory subsystem?
hard palate, soft palate (Velum) and uvula, nasopharynx
What are other detaisl associated with the resonatory system?
size and shape of those cavities give each person a unique sound, hyper-/hyponasality can occur.
What are the main structures of the articulatory subsystem?
mandible, tongue, hard and soft palates, lips, teeth
What does intelligibilty refer to?
understanding
What is the primary area in the brain that controls speech
primary motor cortex
What are upper motor neurons?
motor neurons that either originate either in the primary motor cortex or in the brain stem; carry information down to the lower motor neurons
What are lower motor neurons?
motor nerons that activate muscle
What happens when lower motor neurons die?
muscles become weak and atrophy
What are the steps in the speech production process?
- conceptualization 2. linguistic planning (semantics + syntax + phonology) 3. motor planning/programming (including rate, stress, prosody) 4. performance (motor execution) 5. feedback
What are characteristics of Flaccid Dysarthria?
max show decreased breath support for speech, weak voice, reduced loudness, hypernasality, imprecise articulation
What are characteristics of spastic dysarthria?
slow rate of speech, combined effects of weakness and loss of inhibitory muscle control resulting in hyperactive reflexes and muscle tone at rest (spasticity)
How is speech for someone with spastic dysarthria?
speech movements are slow; there’s a reduction in range and force, strained vocal quality
What are some etiologies for spastic dysarthria?
cerebral palsy, TBI, multiple strokes
What are characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria?
speech movements and all movements have a reduced range of motion, imprecise articulation, it’s hard to start movement
What are speech characteristics for someone with hypokinetic dysarthria?
disfluencies are common, volume is low, monopitch, speech rate is fast
What is the most common cause of hypokinetic dysarthria?
Parkinson’s Disease
What are signs and symptoms of ataxic dysarthria?
discoordination and mistiming of movements (potentially across all 4 subsystems), speech movements are jerky, not smooth, person sounds intoxicated, not caused by weakness
What area of the brain is damaged in someone with ataxic dysarthria?
cerebellum
What are characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?
increased, abnormal movements, tremors, tics, dystonia, chorea
What is tics?
rapid, patterend movements, not completely involuntary, can be suppressed for brief periods with effort
What is chorea?
rapid, unpredictable movements
What is dystonia?
slow, sustained abnormal movements
What is mixed dysarthria?
When 2 or more dysarthrias are present
What are some causes of mixed dysarthria?
ALS and TBI
What does the vocal tract consist of?
The pharyngeal, nasal, and oral cavities and how air travels through them
What is muscular dystrophy?
A genetic disease, progressive muscular degeneration
What is myasthenia gravis?
An autoimmune disease; all muscles in the body fatigue easily but brief rest intermittently helps
What may someone with mixed dysarthria exhibit?
Speak slowly, hypernasality, imprecise articulation, strained/strangled vocal quality
What are the steps of the speech production process?
Conceptualization, linguistic planning, motor planning/programming, performance, feedback
Why does liquid come out of your nose?
The velum is discoordinated
When will voice problems occur?
When there’s damage to the muscles that control the vocal folds
What is a neuron?
Nerve cell (cell body + dendrites + long axon)
