Ch.6 Language Impairements in Adults Flashcards
What is a neuron?
basic unit of the nervous system
What is a synapse?
when the impulses from the axon of one neuron go to the dendrites of another neuron
What does the central nervous system?
consists of the brain and spinal cord, sends messages to the body in response to external stimuli
What is the cerebellum and what does it do?
little brain; it helps with motor learning, manages the control of fine, complex motor activities, and maintains the muscle tone
What is Broca’s Area?
area in the frontal lobe where incoming auditory information is kept
What is Wernicke’s Area?
area in the temporal lobe where most linguistic processing occurs
What is the motor cortex?
part of the brain that receiving programming information from Broca’s area and sends signals to the motor neurons in speech
What is aphasia?
means w/o language; having difficulty w/ expressive communication (Written or spoken)
What is hyperfluent speech?
a result of aphasia, very fast speech with small pauses
What is hemiparesis?
weakness on one side of the body in which strength and control are substantially reduced; an accompanying deficit to aphasia
What is hemiplegia?
paralysis on one side; accompanying deficit to aphasia
What is hemisensory impairment?
being unable to perceive sensory info; may accompany either hemiplegia or hemiparesis
What is hemianopsia?
visual deficit in one eye which makes the person blind in that eye
What is dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing or chewing or eating
What is agnosia?
a deficit for an adult with aphasia; he or she can’t understanding sensory information that is coming to them
What is agrammatism?
a deficit for an adult with aphasia; leave out grammatical elements, like periods and -s
What is agraphia?
a deficit for an adult with aphasia; may have trouble writing
What is alexia?
a deficit for an adult with aphasia; problems with reading
What is anomia?
a deficit for an adult with aphasia; problems with naming things
What is jargon?
a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; speech that has no meaning or is irrelevant yet has typical intonation patterns
What is a neologism?
a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; a new word that does not exist in their language.
What is paraphasia?
a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; word substitutions, such as saying “a dog caught a mouse, instead of a cat caught a mouse”
What is verbal stereotype?
a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; an expression repeated over and over again, such as someone saying “I know. I know. I know.”
What can aphasia be categorized as?
fluent aphasia and nonfluent aphasia
What characterizes fluent aphasia?
word substitutions, neologisms, and other verbal output that is wordy
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
type of fluent aphasia characterized by rapid-fire strings of sentences with very small pauses for acknowledgement or to allow someone else to speak.
What is anomic aphasia?
type of fluent aphasia in which someone has trouble naming objects.
What is conduction aphasia?
fluent aphasia in which one speaks quickly and says a lot, but the words are paraphasias
What is transcortical aphasia?
type of fluent aphasia where one speaks spontaneously and fluently, yet has word errors
What is subcortical aphasia?
type of aphasia that occurs due to deep lesions being in the brain.
What characterizes nonfluent aphasia?
slow, labored speech; it is hard for one to get words and form sentences
What is Broca’s Aphasia caused by?
damage to the front or forward parts of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere
What are traits of someone with Broca’s Aphasia?
anomia, short sentences that have agrammatism, slow, labored speech, articulation and phonological errors
What is transcortical motor aphasia?
type of nonfluent aphasia; have trouble starting speech or writing, slightly unable to comprehend auditory info, impaired speech
What is global or mixed aphasia?
type of nonfluent aphasia; severe expressive language impairements and severe receptive language impairements; the most severely debilitating form of aphasia
What is the most severely debilitating form of aphasia?
global or mixed aphasia
What is the most common cause of aphasia?
stroke or cerebrovascular accident
What causes stroke?
interruption of the blood supply to the brain
What are the two basic types of stroke?
ischemic and hemorrhagic
What is an ischemic stroke?
stroke that is caused by a total or partial blockage of the arteries transporting blood to the brain
What is an embolism?
blood clot, fatty materials, or an air bubble travels through the circulatory system and stops blood flow at an artery; can cause an ischemic stroke
What is cerebral atherosclerosis?
walls of the cerebral arteries get thick; so, this leads to less elasticity, weaker walls, and a restriction in blood flow
What is a thrombosis?
blockage of blood flow due to plaque buildup or a blood clot being formed on the site
What is a transient ischemic attack?
a mini-stroke; blood flow to some part of the brain is blocked or reduced
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
stroke caused by weakened arterial walls bursting under pressure
What is an aneurysm?
bursting in a weakened arterial wall
What is arteriovenous malformation?
where arteries and veins are poorly formed and so they are tangled together
What is primary progressive aphasia?
type of aphasia that gets worse over time; it can turn from a motor speech disorder to a near-almost inability to speak
What is spontaneous recovery?
a natural restorative process
What happens to people with right brain hemisphere damage?
they experience visuospatial neglect, attention deficits, hard to remember things, hard to solve problems, hard to organize, hard to plan,
What are common characteristics of RHBD?
lack motivation, cannot pay attention, judgement is off, they don’t acknowledge any information on the left side, they deny having an illness or refuse to move their limbs
What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head or is a penetrating brain injury.
What may TBI result in?
edema, infection, infarction, hematoma, hypoxia, bruising and laceration
What are some possible communication outcomes for patients with TBI?
dysphagia, dysarthria, pragmatic troubles, confused language
What are some possible cognitive outcomes for patients with TBI?
poor memory, inattentive, poor problem solving abilities, disoriented
What is cognitive rehab?
intervention method to treat patients w/ TBI; it increases one’s ability to process incoming information so that they could do more
What is dementia?
impairment of intellect and cognition
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
pathology characterized by impairments in memory, language, or visuospatial skills,
In patients with RHBD, what part of language is most impaired?
pragmatics
What is the restorative approach of cognitive rehab?
to try to rebuild neural circuitry and function through repetitive activities.
What is the compensatory approach of cognitive rehab?
to help individuals learn alternative ways to function; this approach is used when the restorative approach fails.
What is the PNS and what does it do?
it is nerves that branch out of the spinal cord; it connects the CNS to the limbs and organs and relays messages between them
What does the right hemisphere process?
nonlinguistic and paralinguistic information (temporal and spatial relationships, emotions)
What is spontaneous recovery?
body heals by itself without intervention.
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with anomic aphasia?
at the point of parietal-temporal-occipital lobe
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with fluent aphasia?
lesion at the back of the left hemisphere.
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with transcortical sensory aphasia?
damage to isolated areas of cortical control
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with nonfluent aphasia?
lesions in or near the frontal lobe
What language deficits does someone with TBI experience?
anomia, pragmatics, dysarthria, dysphagia, confused language, impaired comprehension
What impairments are associated with those with dementia?
memory decline, poor reasoning, poor judgement, personality changes, impaired abstract thinking
What are the three things that change when changing stress in American English?
pitch, length of voice, and volume
What are the signs of a transient ischemic attack?
slurred speech, blurred vision, loss of balance
What is a symptom?
A phenomenon that is experienced by the individual affected by the disease (ex. Anxiety, pain, fatigue)
What is a sign (in SLP)?
A phenomenon that can be detected by someone other than the individual affected by the disease.
What does the right sided hemisphere control?
Attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving
What are executive functions?
Set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior.
What are examples of executive functioning?
Attentional control, control inhibition, working memory, self monitoring, goal setting/achievement, cognitive flexibility
What does higher order executive functions require?
The simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions. Includes planning, reasoning, and problem solving
What are the two main types of TBI?
Close head injury (blow to the head, such as a fall ) and penetrating injury (object goes through the skull and into the brain, such as a gunshot wound)
What is a coup injury?
A head injury that occurs under the site of impact with an object; e.g. a headbutt
What is a contrecoup injury?
A head injury that occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.
What is a cerebral contusion?
Type of TBI in which the brain is bruised
What is diffuse axonal injury?
The tearing of the brain’s long connective nerve fibers. This happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull. Usually causes coma
What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
High blood pressure
