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SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- > Ch.6 Language Impairements in Adults > Flashcards

Ch.6 Language Impairements in Adults Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

basic unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

What is a synapse?

A

when the impulses from the axon of one neuron go to the dendrites of another neuron

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system?

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, sends messages to the body in response to external stimuli

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4
Q

What is the cerebellum and what does it do?

A

little brain; it helps with motor learning, manages the control of fine, complex motor activities, and maintains the muscle tone

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5
Q

What is Broca’s Area?

A

area in the frontal lobe where incoming auditory information is kept

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s Area?

A

area in the temporal lobe where most linguistic processing occurs

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7
Q

What is the motor cortex?

A

part of the brain that receiving programming information from Broca’s area and sends signals to the motor neurons in speech

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8
Q

What is aphasia?

A

means w/o language; having difficulty w/ expressive communication (Written or spoken)

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9
Q

What is hyperfluent speech?

A

a result of aphasia, very fast speech with small pauses

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10
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

weakness on one side of the body in which strength and control are substantially reduced; an accompanying deficit to aphasia

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11
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis on one side; accompanying deficit to aphasia

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12
Q

What is hemisensory impairment?

A

being unable to perceive sensory info; may accompany either hemiplegia or hemiparesis

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13
Q

What is hemianopsia?

A

visual deficit in one eye which makes the person blind in that eye

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14
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing or chewing or eating

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15
Q

What is agnosia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; he or she can’t understanding sensory information that is coming to them

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16
Q

What is agrammatism?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; leave out grammatical elements, like periods and -s

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17
Q

What is agraphia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; may have trouble writing

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18
Q

What is alexia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; problems with reading

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19
Q

What is anomia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; problems with naming things

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20
Q

What is jargon?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; speech that has no meaning or is irrelevant yet has typical intonation patterns

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21
Q

What is a neologism?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; a new word that does not exist in their language.

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22
Q

What is paraphasia?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; word substitutions, such as saying “a dog caught a mouse, instead of a cat caught a mouse”

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23
Q

What is verbal stereotype?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; an expression repeated over and over again, such as someone saying “I know. I know. I know.”

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24
Q

What can aphasia be categorized as?

A

fluent aphasia and nonfluent aphasia

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25
Q

What characterizes fluent aphasia?

A

word substitutions, neologisms, and other verbal output that is wordy

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26
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

type of fluent aphasia characterized by rapid-fire strings of sentences with very small pauses for acknowledgement or to allow someone else to speak.

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27
Q

What is anomic aphasia?

A

type of fluent aphasia in which someone has trouble naming objects.

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28
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

fluent aphasia in which one speaks quickly and says a lot, but the words are paraphasias

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29
Q

What is transcortical aphasia?

A

type of fluent aphasia where one speaks spontaneously and fluently, yet has word errors

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30
Q

What is subcortical aphasia?

A

type of aphasia that occurs due to deep lesions being in the brain.

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31
Q

What characterizes nonfluent aphasia?

A

slow, labored speech; it is hard for one to get words and form sentences

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32
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia caused by?

A

damage to the front or forward parts of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere

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33
Q

What are traits of someone with Broca’s Aphasia?

A

anomia, short sentences that have agrammatism, slow, labored speech, articulation and phonological errors

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34
Q

What is transcortical motor aphasia?

A

type of nonfluent aphasia; have trouble starting speech or writing, slightly unable to comprehend auditory info, impaired speech

35
Q

What is global or mixed aphasia?

A

type of nonfluent aphasia; severe expressive language impairements and severe receptive language impairements; the most severely debilitating form of aphasia

36
Q

What is the most severely debilitating form of aphasia?

A

global or mixed aphasia

37
Q

What is the most common cause of aphasia?

A

stroke or cerebrovascular accident

38
Q

What causes stroke?

A

interruption of the blood supply to the brain

39
Q

What are the two basic types of stroke?

A

ischemic and hemorrhagic

40
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

stroke that is caused by a total or partial blockage of the arteries transporting blood to the brain

41
Q

What is an embolism?

A

blood clot, fatty materials, or an air bubble travels through the circulatory system and stops blood flow at an artery; can cause an ischemic stroke

42
Q

What is cerebral atherosclerosis?

A

walls of the cerebral arteries get thick; so, this leads to less elasticity, weaker walls, and a restriction in blood flow

43
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

blockage of blood flow due to plaque buildup or a blood clot being formed on the site

44
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

a mini-stroke; blood flow to some part of the brain is blocked or reduced

45
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

stroke caused by weakened arterial walls bursting under pressure

46
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

bursting in a weakened arterial wall

47
Q

What is arteriovenous malformation?

A

where arteries and veins are poorly formed and so they are tangled together

48
Q

What is primary progressive aphasia?

A

type of aphasia that gets worse over time; it can turn from a motor speech disorder to a near-almost inability to speak

49
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

a natural restorative process

50
Q

What happens to people with right brain hemisphere damage?

A

they experience visuospatial neglect, attention deficits, hard to remember things, hard to solve problems, hard to organize, hard to plan,

51
Q

What are common characteristics of RHBD?

A

lack motivation, cannot pay attention, judgement is off, they don’t acknowledge any information on the left side, they deny having an illness or refuse to move their limbs

52
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

A

injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head or is a penetrating brain injury.

53
Q

What may TBI result in?

A

edema, infection, infarction, hematoma, hypoxia, bruising and laceration

54
Q

What are some possible communication outcomes for patients with TBI?

A

dysphagia, dysarthria, pragmatic troubles, confused language

55
Q

What are some possible cognitive outcomes for patients with TBI?

A

poor memory, inattentive, poor problem solving abilities, disoriented

56
Q

What is cognitive rehab?

A

intervention method to treat patients w/ TBI; it increases one’s ability to process incoming information so that they could do more

57
Q

What is dementia?

A

impairment of intellect and cognition

58
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

pathology characterized by impairments in memory, language, or visuospatial skills,

59
Q

In patients with RHBD, what part of language is most impaired?

A

pragmatics

60
Q

What is the restorative approach of cognitive rehab?

A

to try to rebuild neural circuitry and function through repetitive activities.

61
Q

What is the compensatory approach of cognitive rehab?

A

to help individuals learn alternative ways to function; this approach is used when the restorative approach fails.

62
Q

What is the PNS and what does it do?

A

it is nerves that branch out of the spinal cord; it connects the CNS to the limbs and organs and relays messages between them

63
Q

What does the right hemisphere process?

A

nonlinguistic and paralinguistic information (temporal and spatial relationships, emotions)

64
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

body heals by itself without intervention.

65
Q

Which part of the brain is damaged in people with anomic aphasia?

A

at the point of parietal-temporal-occipital lobe

66
Q

Which part of the brain is damaged in people with fluent aphasia?

A

lesion at the back of the left hemisphere.

67
Q

Which part of the brain is damaged in people with transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

damage to isolated areas of cortical control

68
Q

Which part of the brain is damaged in people with nonfluent aphasia?

A

lesions in or near the frontal lobe

69
Q

What language deficits does someone with TBI experience?

A

anomia, pragmatics, dysarthria, dysphagia, confused language, impaired comprehension

70
Q

What impairments are associated with those with dementia?

A

memory decline, poor reasoning, poor judgement, personality changes, impaired abstract thinking

71
Q

What are the three things that change when changing stress in American English?

A

pitch, length of voice, and volume

72
Q

What are the signs of a transient ischemic attack?

A

slurred speech, blurred vision, loss of balance

73
Q

What is a symptom?

A

A phenomenon that is experienced by the individual affected by the disease (ex. Anxiety, pain, fatigue)

74
Q

What is a sign (in SLP)?

A

A phenomenon that can be detected by someone other than the individual affected by the disease.

75
Q

What does the right sided hemisphere control?

A

Attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving

76
Q

What are executive functions?

A

Set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior.

77
Q

What are examples of executive functioning?

A

Attentional control, control inhibition, working memory, self monitoring, goal setting/achievement, cognitive flexibility

78
Q

What does higher order executive functions require?

A

The simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions. Includes planning, reasoning, and problem solving

79
Q

What are the two main types of TBI?

A

Close head injury (blow to the head, such as a fall ) and penetrating injury (object goes through the skull and into the brain, such as a gunshot wound)

80
Q

What is a coup injury?

A

A head injury that occurs under the site of impact with an object; e.g. a headbutt

81
Q

What is a contrecoup injury?

A

A head injury that occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.

82
Q

What is a cerebral contusion?

A

Type of TBI in which the brain is bruised

83
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury?

A

The tearing of the brain’s long connective nerve fibers. This happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull. Usually causes coma

84
Q

What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

High blood pressure

SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- (16 decks)

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