Ch.2 Communication: Means, Impairments, Intervention Flashcards
What is stuttering?
disorder of fluency where fillers, hesitations, and/or repetitions in speech happen excessively or are accompanied by lots of tension, struggle, and fear.
What is a support group?
a group of individuals who have the same struggles and who express their experiences of those struggles
What is phonotactics?
rules that govern where sounds should be arranged in words
What is linguistic intuition?
recognizing when grammar in a sentence is right or wrong
What does it mean to describe a disorder as acquired?
the disorder resulted from an illness
What is fluency?
smooth and forward flow of communication; impacted by rhythm and rate of speech
What is grammar or syntax?
word order; the rules of a given language
What is a dynamic assessment?
a way to assess a client; explore a client’s ability to change behavior by making sounds that were previously misarticulated, learning a language rule, decreasing misfluencies, etc.
What does it mean to describe a cause as perpetuating?
causes that maintain or continue the problem
What does it mean to describe a disorder as congenital?
the disorder came about at birth
What is a post-therapy test?
test that client takes after being done with therapy to determine the effectiveness of an intervention method and to determine if the client met the short-term and long-term goals set
What is semantics?
the meaning of a given language
What is phonology?
the sound system of English (43 phonemes); one aspect of the form of a language
What is proxemics?
study of the physical distance between people and how that distance affects people
What does it mean to describe a test as criteron-referenced?
it is used to assess a client’s strengths and weaknesses based on certain skills and does not compare those criteria to others, particularly to children
What does it mean to describe a test as norm referenced?
it brings about scores of a client that are then compared to a sample of similar individuals
What is a bound morpheme?
words that cannot stand on their own; play a similar role as dependent clauses; ex. prefixes and suffixes
What are semantic features?
bits of meaning that coalesce to define a certain word; ex. girl and woman means feminine and human, yet “child” is generally seen as a feature in girls and not in women
What is a diagnosis?
A problem identified by an SLP or a provider
What is a phoneme?
unit of sound that distinguish one 1 word for another word in a certain language
What is language?
a code known by all in a given society; this code represents ideas
What is baseline data?
data that reflects a client’s multiple responses to a given test or method under several conditions
What is incidental teaching?
when an SLP follows the client’s lead during therapy but teaches the client too
What is phonology?
theories and cognitive concepts of the nature, production, and rules for creating and combining speech sounds
What is articulation?
how speech sounds are formed
What is a prognosis?
informed prediction of an outcome of a disorder
What is communication?
an exchange of ideas; one person sends a message and another person receives it.
What is the rate of speech?
How fast one talks
What is developmental disfluency?
type of fluency disruption that occurs because a child is developing his or her speech; e.g. a 2 y/o repeating words “I want want want a cookie”
What is booster treatment?
follow-up or maintenance of the skills that a client learns
What is the form of a language consist of?
phonology, morphology, and syntax
What does the content of a language consist of?
semantics
What is conductive hearing loss?
hearing loss caused by damage to the middle ear; some with this disorder may describe a sound as too soft
What is an assessment of communication disorders?
a plan to address one’s communication problems through getting info from various sources and setting and identify one’s communication strengths and weaknesses
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
hearing loss caused by problems with the inner ear and/or cochlear nerve; a person may be unable to distinguish and subsequently understand speech sounds
What is a morpheme?
tiniest grammatical unit within a language
What is a filler?
words that adults use in speech, such as “umm, ya know, er”
What is speech?
producing language using articulation, fluency, and voice
What can be used to help those who are deaf?
assistive listening devices (ALDs), cochlear implants, auditory training
What is chronemics?
time’s impact on communication
What is prevalence?
number of new and old cases in a certain time period
What is sociolinguistics?
the study of social factors, such as cultural and environment, on communication
What is pragmatics?
use of a language; the driving force behind all parts of language
What is the main that humans express themselves?
through speech
What are tactiles?
touching behaviors
What is vocal abuse?
a type of voice disorder; too much yelling, screaming, or loud singing which brings about hoarseness
What does the use of a language consist of?
pragmatics
What does it mean to describe language as dynamic?
they change over time
What are hesitations in speech?
unexpected pauses
What is habitual pitch?
the regular tone that a speaker speaks at most of the time; ex. women tend to have higher voices than men
What is pitch?
a feature of a sound in which a listener perceives as high or low
What is dysarthria?
one who speaks poorly because the muscles used in speech are either weak, paralyzed, or poorly coordinated; a disorder of articulation
What is a dialect?
differences that indicate a certain regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity
What is kinesics?
body language
What are the 5 features of language?
a subjective or arbitrary code, a system controlled by rules, a tool shared by society, a generative process, a dynamic scheme
What does it mean to describe language as generative?
each utterance is created brand new
What is a free morpheme?
words that can hold it down by itself; ex. cat, dog, go
What is an example of a prolongation in disorders of fluency?
“www-well”
What does it mean to describe a cause as precipitating?
the cause comes from a health issue or experience, such as coming from a stroke
What is morphology?
the structure of words, one aspect of the form of a language
What is incidence?
number of new cases in a disease or disorder in a certain time period
What is the purpose of a screening?
imply which individuals should be evaluated further; it’s not a diagnostic evaluation
What is intonation?
the shift in pitch of an utterance; e.g. raising your voice at the end of a sentence can turn that sentence into a question
What are the primary components of all language?
form, content, and use
What is an example of repetition in disorders of fluency?
“g-go-go”
What are the features of voice?
pitch, loudness, and quality
What is syntax?
How words are placed in a sentence and ways that one word affect another word
What does it mean to describe a cause as predisposing?
the cause is genetic or innate
What happens in diagnostic therapy?
an SLP works with a client for a given period of time and gets a more pellucid sense of a person’s communication abilities and limitations.
What is the main way that humans communicate?
through language
What are artifacts?
a combination of your appearance and how you set up your environment
What are forms of nonverbal communication?
artifacts, kinesics, space and time
What does language equate to?
cultural identity
What is prosody?
stress and intonation patterns of an utterance
What are suprasegmentals?
rate, rhythm, stress, and intonation that you apply to complete sentences
What percentage of the U.S population has a communication disorder?
17%
What percentage of the U.S. Population has a hearing loss?
11%
What percentage of the U.S. Population has a speech, voice, or language disorder
6%
What percentage of language disorders occur in pre-schools?
8-12%
What percentage of the U.S. population has a swallowing disorder
3%
What does premorbid mean?
before the stroke/accident/illness
What was the conclusions made from Albert Mehrabian’s book Silent Messages?
people considered salesmen as credible based on factors other than words; 55% to one’s body language, 38% to the tone and music of their voice, 7% to the actual words
What is the baseline?
information about a client’s starting point, in order to measure progress in treatment
