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SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- > Ch.8-Voice and Resonance Disorders > Flashcards

Ch.8-Voice and Resonance Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is velopharyngeal inadequacy?

A

when the VP fails to separate the nasal and oral cavities during speech production and swallowing

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2
Q

What causes velopharyngeal inadequacy?

A

malformations of the hard and soft palate early in embryonic development

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3
Q

What are craniofacial anomalies?

A

congenital malformations involving the head and face , such as cleft palate

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4
Q

What do the vocal folds do during 1 complete cycle of vocal fold vibration?

A

vocal folds move from a closed or adducted position to an open or abducted position and back to adduced position

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5
Q

What is the fundamental frequency of an average male’s voice?

A

about 125 Hz

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6
Q

What is the fundamental frequency of an average female’s voice?

A

about 250 Hz

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7
Q

What causes someone to have a monotone voice?

A

they don’t change their usual speaking frequency while they are speaking

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8
Q

What does intensity of a sound equate to?

A

loudness of a sound

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9
Q

What are features of a voice disorder?

A

voice production has aberrant voice quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility.

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10
Q

What percentage of children in the US have a voice disorder?

A

about 3% to 6%

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11
Q

What percentage of adults in the US have a voice disorder?

A

about 3% to 9%

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12
Q

What is inappropriate pitch?

A

a voice that is judged to be outside the normal range of pitch for age and/or sex.

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13
Q

What are pitch breaks?

A

sudden uncontrolled upward or downward changes in pitch.

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14
Q

What three aspects of pitch may indicate a voice disorder

A

inappropriate pitch, monotone voice, and pitch breaks

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15
Q

What two aspects of loudness may indicate a voice disorder?

A

monoloudness and loudness variation

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16
Q

What is monoloudness?

A

voice lacks normal variations of intensity that happen during speech

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17
Q

What are loudness variations?

A

extreme variations in vocal intensity: voice is too soft or too loud for a given situation.

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18
Q

What is breathiness?

A

a voice quality in which air escapes through the glottis during phonation.

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19
Q

What is tremor?

A

a quality that involves variations in the pitch and loudness of the voice that are not under voluntary control

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20
Q

What does vocal tremor usually indicate?

A

It usually indicates a loss of central nervous system control over the laryngeal mechanism

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21
Q

What are strain and struggle behaviors related to?

A

they are related to difficulties in beginning and maintaining voice

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22
Q

What are the nonphonatory disorders?

A

stridor, consistent aphonia, episodic aphonia

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23
Q

What is stridor?

A

a nonphonatory disorder, noisy breathing or involuntary sound that occurrs during inhalation or exhalation

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24
Q

What does stridor indicate?

A

it indicates a blockage of the airway or a narrowing somewhere in the airway

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25
Q

What does excessive throat clearing indicate?

A

It indicates the attempt to clear mucus from the vocal folds

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26
Q

What is consistent aphonia?

A

persistent absence of voice; perceived as whispering

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27
Q

What may aphonia be related to?

A

vocal fold paralysis, disorders of the central nervous system, or psychological problems

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28
Q

What is episodic aphonia?

A

uncontrolled, unpredictable aphonic breaks in voice that can last for a fraction of a second or longer.

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29
Q

What may cause episodic aphonia?

A

central nervous system disorders and psychological problems

30
Q

What vocal disorders are associated with vocal misuse and abuse?

A

vocal nodules, contact ulcers, vocal polyps, sessile polyps, pedunculated polyps, laryngitis (acute and chronic),

31
Q

What are vocal nodules?

A

localized bilateral growths on the vocal folds caused by frequent, hard vocal fold collisions from yelling or shouting; they are 2/2 to vocal misuse or abuse

32
Q

What are the primary perceptual voice symptoms of vocal nodules?

A

hoarseness and breathiness; people may complain of soreness in the throat or they can’t use the upper third of their pitch range.

33
Q

How does one treat vocal nodules?

A

through vocal rest A.K.A no talking

34
Q

What are contact ulcers?

A

bilateral, painful, and reddened ulcerations that develop around the arytenoid cartilages and are on the posterior surface of the vocal folds.

35
Q

What are the primary voice symptoms of contact ulcers?

A

vocal hoarseness and breathiness, throat clearing and vocal fatigue

36
Q

What are vocal polyps?

A

similar to vocal nodules, are caused by blood vessels in the vocal folds rupturing and swelling. This can cause fluid filled lesions.

37
Q

What can cause vocal polyps?

A

one traumatic event, such as yelling at a sports event

38
Q

What are characteristics of vocal polyps?

A

unilateral, larger than nodules, vascular, and prone to hemorrhage

39
Q

What is a sessile polyp?

A

a polyp that is attached to the vocal fold tissue; it can cover up to 2/3 of the vocal folds

40
Q

What is a pedunculated polyp?

A

a polyp that seems to be attached to the free margins or upper and lower surfaces of the vocal folds

41
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the vocal folds

42
Q

What causes laryngitis?

A

exposure to noxious agents (tobacco smoke, alcohol), allergies, or vocal abuse

43
Q

What is acute laryngitis?

A

a temporary swelling of the vocal folds that can lead to vocal hoarseness

44
Q

What is chronic laryngitis?

A

vocal abuse that results during periods of acute laryngitis. It can lead to the breakdown of vocal fold tissue

45
Q

What are symptoms of chronic laryngitis?

A

persistent cough, frequent throat aches, mild hoarseness to near aphonia

46
Q

What is the difference between hypoadduction and hyperadduction?

A

hypoadduction is reduced vocal fold adduction and hyperadduction is increased vocal fold adduction.

47
Q

What CNS disorder results in hypoadduction?

A

parkinson’s disease

48
Q

What is diplophonia?

A

perception of two frequencies

49
Q

What can damage to the recurrent branch of the 10th cranial nerve (vagus) result in?

A

can result in unilateral and bilateral vocal fold paralysis which leads to hypoadduction

50
Q

What does the 10th cranial nerve do?

A

It is nerve supply for most of the laryngeal muscles associated with voice production

51
Q

What neurological disorders are associated with hyperadduction?

A

spastic dysarthria and spasmodic dysphonia

52
Q

What is spasmodic dysphonia?

A

muscles that generate a person’s voice spasms for periods, this leads to a person’s voice breaking up

53
Q

What are laryngeal papillomas?

A

tiny wart-like growths that cover the vocal folds and the interior aspects of the larynx.

54
Q

What causes laryngeal papillomas and which population often suffers from it ?

A

caused by a papovirus; children younger than 6.

55
Q

What do children with laryngeal papillomas show?

A

may show stridor during inhalation and may be aphonic

56
Q

What are congenital laryngeal webs?

A

laryngeal webs that typically form on the from parts of the vocal folds

57
Q

What is laryngeal cancer?

A

cancer to the larynx that is linked to cigarette smoking and excessive use of alcohol.

58
Q

What are alternative methods of producing voice when the larynx is removed due to laryngeal cancer?

A

esophageal speech, electrolarynx, tracheoesophageal shunt

59
Q

What is esophageal speech?

A

a different way of producing voice by using the esophagus as a vibratory source and the speaker uses burps to speak.

60
Q

What is an electrolarynx?

A

a device used to produce voicing by exciting air in the vocal tract through vibrations

61
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal shunt?

A

a device that directs air from the trachea into the esophagus. This allows the speaker to use respiratory air and the cricopharyngeous muscle to produce voice

62
Q

What are granulomas?

A

ruptured capillaries covered with epithelial tissue; it is surgically removed from the larynx

63
Q

What are conversion disorders?

A

psychogenic voice disorders that result from psychological suppression of emotion

64
Q

What is conversion aphonia?

A

a type of vocal conversion disorder in which one tends to whisper to use their voice.

65
Q

What causes hypernasality?

A

the velopharyngeal port does not separate the oral and nasal cavities; thus the nasal cavities acts as a second filter.

66
Q

What causes hyponasality?

A

partial blockage somewhere in the nasopharynx or nasal cavity.

67
Q

What is an endoscope?

A

a device used to view laryngeal structures through a lens

68
Q

What is a nasometer?

A

a device used to assess resonance disorder; it measures simultaneously the relative amplitude of acoustic energy being released through the nose and mouth during phonation.

69
Q

What is one treatment for articulation disorders secondary to VPI?

A

electropalatography

70
Q

What is electropalatography?

A

a technique in which one can see articulatory patterns of their speech on a screen via electrodes placed on their tongue and a palatal plate.

71
Q

What is a hard glottal attack?

A

an occurrence in which a client begins speaking using hyperadducted vocal folds

SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- (16 decks)

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