Ch. 10-Motor Speech Disorders Flashcards
What causes flaccid dysarthria?
damage to the lower motor neurons
What causes ataxic dysarthria?
damage to the cerebellum or cerebellar control circuitry.
What causes spastic cerebral palsy?
lesion to the motor cortex and/or pyramidal tract
What causes athenoid cerebral palsy?
lesion to the extrapyramidal tract or to the basal ganglia
What does acquired apraxia come from?
a lesion in the central programming area for speech in the left frontal lobe that details and plans the coordination of sequenced motor movements for speech.
What do lower motor neurons do?
they are responsible for activating muscles.
What causes hyperkinetic dysarthria?
damage to the basal ganglia and basal ganglia circuitry
What are the spinal nerves especially important for?
breathing for purposes of speech production
What characterizes spastic dysarthria?
speech is slow rate, voice quality is strain-strangled, hypernasal, articulation is not precise, too much stress on words
What characterizes hyperkinetic dysarthria?
irregular breakdown in articulation, prosodic abnormalities, speech rate varies
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
What is spastic cerebral palsy?
CP characterized by spasticity, exaggerated stretch reflex, jerky movements that are also labored and slow, infantile reflex patterns
What is cerebral palsy?
a congenital disorder that causes dysarthria in children
What is ataxic dysarthria?
dysarthria due to incoordination, reduced muscle tone; poor accuracy and timing of movements
What is the pyramidal tract also known as?
the direct activation pathway
What causes dysarthria?
when speech muscles are weakened, paralyzed, or discoordinated
What is bell’s palsy?
condition with an unknown causes (idiopathic), results in unilateral damage to the facial nerve (CN VII)
What causes ataxic cerebral palsy?
lesion to the cerebellum
What is dystonia?
involuntary movements that are characterized by slow, sustained abnormal posturing, with possible twisting of body parts
What are tics?
rapid, patterned movements that are not involuntary, associated with Turette’s syndrome
What is the average survival rate for those with Huntington’s chorea?
about 20 years
What is chorea?
rapid and unpredictable movements of the limbs, face and tongue
What are the two main types of motor speech disorders ?
dysarthria and apraxia
What percentage of individuals of CP have Ataxic CP?
10%
What is spastic dysarthria?
dysarthria due to spastic and weak muscles; increased muscle tone, reflexes are hyperactive
What structures of the brain are important for motor speech production?
primary motor cortex, lower motor neurons, pyramidal tract, extrapyramidal tract, basal ganglia
What characterizes flaccid dysarthria?
continuous breathiness, monopitch, hypernasal, short phrases, imprecise articulation
What are the cranial nerves especially important for?
speech production
What is tremor?
most common involuntary movement, involves rhythmic movement of a body part
What is athenoid cerebral palsy
CP characterized by slow, involuntary twisting and turning, movement is disorganized and uncoordinated, when they want to move
What causes hypokinetic dysarthria?
damage to the basal ganglia and basal ganglia circuitry
What are techniques for treatment for those with acquired apraxia of speech?
Integral stimulation, intonation therapy, contrastive stress, melodic intonation therapy
What is the extrapyramidal tract?
a pathway that is important for controlling reflexes and maintaining posture and muscle tone
What disease has hypokinetic dysarthria as one result of it?
Parkinson’s Disease
What is ataxic cerebral palsy?
CP characterized by poor balance, uncoordinated movement, and movement that lacks direction, force, and control
What causes spastic dysarthria?
damage to upper motor neurons (i.e. direct and indirect activation pathways)
What characterizes cerebral palsy?
permanent distortion of movement and distortion of posture, muscle weakness, loss of selective motor control, hypertonia, impaired balance
What are some treatment techniques to help those with dysarthria?
Pause/phrase strategy, using an abdominal binder for respiration, LSVT, AAC plus verbal communication, intensive, repetitive speech production drill practice, EPG
What is one etiology of motor speech disorders?
cerebral palsy
What is the extrapyramidal tract also known as?
the indirect activation pathway
What is hypokinetic dysarthria?
dysarthria due to muscles moving less, muscles are rigid and stiff, and difficulty starting and stopping movements
What characterizes mixed dysarthria?
imprecise articulation, slow rate; harsh voice; monopitch/monoloudness, hypernasality, excess and equal stress
What is hypokinesia?
reduced movement
What percentage of individuals with CP have spastic CP?
60%
What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?
dysarthria caused by involuntary movements
What is the basal ganglia?
part of the brain’s extrapyramidal system; large subcortical nuclei that controls motor functioning and maintains posture and tone
What do the pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract make up?
the upper motor neuron system
What is dysarthria?
group of speech impairments that affect the speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movement
What is ALS?
neurodegenerative disease in which both the upper and lower motor neurons are degrading
What is mixed dysarthria?
a combo of two or more dysarthrias,
What are fasciculations?
visible, isolated twitches in muscles that are resting; this happens because the nerve impulses are firing randomly due to nerve degeneration
What characterizes hypokinetic dysarthria?
accelerated speech rate, disfluencies, breathy/harsh/hoarse voice quality, articulation is not precise
What is muscular dystrophy?
group of genetic diseases that lead to the muscles being unable to contract and relax normally; its a progressive disease
What is myasthenia gravis?
autoimmune disease that affects the area between the motor neuron axon and the muscle. Muscles are quickly getting weaker because there is not enough nerve impulses being transmitted to the muscles
What causes mixed dysarthria?
damage to many brain structures or circuits
What is apraxia?
acquired disorder in voluntary motor planning and programming of movement gestures for speech. It is unrelated to muscle weakness, slowness, or paralysis
What causes cerebral palsy?
anoxic brain injury or lack of oxygen to the brain
What are the types of dysarthria?
flaccid, spastic, ataxic, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, mixed
What percentage of individuals with CP have athenoid CP?
30%
What is the pyramidal tract?
a pathway that is found in the primary motor cortex. It is responsible for rapid, discrete, volitional movement of the limbs and of the articulators for speech
What is flaccid dysarthria?
dysarthria due to muscles that are weak and reduced in tone; reflexes are decreased, and muscles eventually atrophy
What is Huntington’s chorea?
inherited progressive disease; characterized by involuntary movements that are rapid and unpredictable. Mood swings are common too
What are some etiologies of flaccid dysarthria?
bell’s palsy, progressive bulbar palsy, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy
How do you determine if someone has a tremor?
have them pronounce a vowel
What is progressive bulbar palsy?
neurological disease that causes degeneration of lower motor neurons
What characterizes ataxic dysarthria?
irregular breakdowns in articulation, vowel distortions, imprecise consonants, prosodic abnormalities (weird rhythm and rate of speech, prolonged pauses)
