Craniofacial anomalies PP

Question 1

What is the cranium?

Answer 1

It encases the skull and is made of 8 bones

Question 2

What are the 8 cranial bones?

Answer 2

1 frontal, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital

Question 3

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

Answer 3

closes by 18 months

Question 4

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

Answer 4

close by 1-2 months

Question 5

What is the anterior fontanelle?

Answer 5

the junction where the 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones meet. It is also known as the soft spot.

Question 6

What is the posterior fontanelle?

Answer 6

the junction where the 2 parietal bones and the occipital bone meet.

Question 7

What is craniosynostosis?

Answer 7

a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant skull prematurely fuses by ossification (turning into bone). This changes the growth pattern of the skull.

Question 8

What can increased intracranial pressure due to craniosyntosis lead to?

Answer 8

It leads to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating difficulties, impairment of mental development combined with a significant reduction in intelligence.

Question 9

What are some potential causes of premature suture closure due to syndromic craniosynotsis?

Answer 9

several genetic mutations associated with syndromic craniosynotosis

Question 10

Craniosynotosis occurs in _____ in _____ births. It is part of a syndrome in ____ to _____% of patients, but it typically occurs as an ________

Answer 10

1; 2000; 15%; 40%; isolated condition

Question 11

Not all cranial abnormalities seen in children with craniosynotosis are solely a result of the _________. This is particularly true in cases with ___________.

Answer 11

premature fusion of a cranial suture; syndromic craniosynotosis

Question 12

What is micrognathia?

Answer 12

small lower jaw; a symptom of a bunch of craniofacial conditions. May interfere with your child’s feeding and breathing.

Question 13

Micrognathia is somewhat _______ in infants, but often it _______ itself as the child grows

Answer 13

common; corrects

Question 14

In embryology, what happens 22 to 28 days post fertilization?

Answer 14

the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures and the optic pits begin to form

Question 15

In embryology, what happens 29 to 35 days post fertilization?

Answer 15

the cerebral hemisphere become visible

Question 16

In embryology, what happens at week 4?

Answer 16

inner ear begins to form

Question 17

In embryology, what happens in 6 weeks?

Answer 17

cerebellum begins to form

Question 18

in embryology, what happens in 7 weeks?

Answer 18

skeletal ossification begins

Question 19

In embryology, what happens in 8 weeks?

Answer 19

middle ear bones (ossicles) begin to develop

Question 20

In order for the palatal shelves to develop, the ________

Answer 20

tongue has to get out fo the way

Question 21

The primary palate in the mouth is ________, whereas the seconday palate in the mouth is _________.

Answer 21

anterior to incisive foramen; posterior to incisive foramen

Question 22

In most cases, the cause of cleft lip and cleft palate is ________. It may be due to _______

Answer 22

unknown; a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Question 23

Most cleft lips/palates are _____; ______ of cleft lips/palates are ______. Not all ______ have clefts

Answer 23

nonsyndromic; ~<15%; syndromic; syndromes

Question 24

A child born with Pierre Robin sequence may need to be_______, because he/she _______

Answer 24

trached; can’t breathe due to tongue being in the way of the palate

Question 25

Babies exposed to _____ in the womb can develop ______. The most severe type of ______ is _________

Answer 25

alcohol; fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; FASD; fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 26

What causes fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 26

heavy drinking during pregnancy

Question 27

What is a syndromic orofacial anomaly?

Answer 27

Patient has more than 1 malformation involving greater than 1 developmental field

Question 28

What is a non syndromic orofacial anomaly?

Answer 28

Patient has only 1 malformation, if several orofacial anomalies are due to one main malformation or if several anomalies are limited to a single developmental field.

Question 29

Where does the primary palate form?

Answer 29

Anterior or in front of the incisive foramen

Question 30

Where does the secondary palate arrive?

Answer 30

It arrives posterior or in the back of the incisive foramen