Ch. 11-Dysphagia

Question 1

What is dysphagia?

Answer 1

issues with swallowing or chewing food

Question 2

What is gastroesophageal reflux?

Answer 2

food or acid from the stomach moves back into the esophagus; results from problems or weakness related to the anatomy of swallowing

Question 3

What is a bolus?

Answer 3

small round mass of chewed food

Question 4

What is spina bifida?

Answer 4

a congenital disorder; malformation of the spinal column that involves associated neural damage.

Question 5

What does spina bifida result in?

Answer 5

limited sensation and motor control difficulties; feeding difficulties; difficulties in sucking and in taking food

Question 6

What is AIDS?

Answer 6

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; it infects white blood cells, the brain, the skin, and other tissues in the body.

Question 7

What doe HIV-positive children experience

Answer 7

Trouble managing oral secretions and exhibit odynophagia

Question 8

What is odynophagia?

Answer 8

painful swallowing

Question 9

What is Pierre Robin syndrome?

Answer 9

congenital abnormality of the jaw

Question 10

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

Answer 10

congenital abnormality of the face

Question 11

What is esophageal atresia?

Answer 11

a physiological abnormality; prevents normal esophageal swallowing and results in choking

Question 12

When does esophageal atresia occur?

Answer 12

when the esophagus doesn’t have an open connection to the stomach

Question 13

What is pyloric stenosis?

Answer 13

a condition that can be congenital or acquired; the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach narrows and prevents food from passing to the small intestine.

Question 14

What happens when pyloric stenosis is congenital?

Answer 14

the infant vomits and cannot ingest milk and water

Question 15

How is pyloric stenosis acquired?

Answer 15

peptic ulcer or carcinoma

Question 16

What percentage of individuals over age 55 experience swallowing difficulties?

Answer 16

up to 22%

Question 17

For those who suffer stroke, what percentage experince dysphagia?

Answer 17

25% to 75%

Question 18

What is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 18

a central nervous system disorder

Question 19

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Answer 19

poor coordination, muscle weakness, and often speech and visual disturbances, numbness or tingling sensation in the extremites or on one side of the face

Question 20

What dysphagia related issues are associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer 20

delayed swallowing reflex and reduced pharyngeal peristaltic action

Question 21

What is tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 21

involuntary, repetitive facial, tongnue, or limb movements

Question 22

What causes tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 22

antipsychotic drugs

Question 23

What is silent aspiration?

Answer 23

lack of cough when food or liquid enters the airway

Question 24

What is a primary indicator of dysphagia in infants?

Answer 24

failure to thrive; part of a screening for newborns

Question 25

What is a tracheostomy tube?

Answer 25

device used to help a patient breathe

Question 26

What is the modified barium swallow study?

Answer 26

x-ray procedure used to diagnose dysphagia in children and in adults after clinical screenings

Question 27

What is another name for the modified barium swallow study?

Answer 27

video fluroscopy

Question 28

What is fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing?

Answer 28

another way to diagnose children and adults with dysphagia; used for those patients who may be too ill to be brought to a radiology department

Question 29

What is scintigraphy?

Answer 29

computerized technique sometimes used with adults for measuring the amount of aspiration during or after a swallow.

Question 30

Who performs scintigraphy?

Answer 30

radiologist, gastroentologist, or an otolaryngologist

Question 31

What posture is recommended for patients with delayed pharyngeal swallow?

Answer 31

the chin tuck posture

Question 32

What posture is recommended to patients with poor tongue mobility if they have excellent airway closure?

Answer 32

head-back position

Question 33

What does the chin tuck posture help prevent?

Answer 33

helps prevent food and liquid from entering the airway

Question 34

What postures are used when an individual has an impairment on one side?

Answer 34

head tilt and head rotation

Question 35

What does the term "double swallow" mean?

Answer 35

multiple swallows that an individual who has food left after swallowing the first time should do.

Question 36

What is a supraglottal swallow?

Answer 36

used for individuals who don't fully close the glottis during swallowing or who close the glottis late.

Question 37

What are the steps a client takes to complete a supraglottal swallow?

Answer 37

1. breathe in and hold your breath; 2. put a small amount of food or liquid in my mouth; 3. swallow; 4. cough or clear your throat while exhaling; 5. swallow again

Question 38

What is the Mendelsohn Maneuver?

Answer 38

a technique that is useful for those who do not have enough laryngeal elevation during swallowing.

Question 39

What are the instructions for the Mendelsohn Maneuver?

Answer 39

1. Place a small amount of food or liquid in your mouth; 2. chew if needed; 3. Swallow while placing your thumb and forefinger on either side of your larynx; 4. manually hold the larynx for 3-5 seconds during and after swallowing; 5. let go of the larynx and let it drop.

Question 40

What occurs when nasogastric tube feeding occurs?

Answer 40

a tube is placed from the nose to the pharynx, the esophagus, and then the stomach. Liquid and food pass through it.

Question 41

What are methods of nonoral feeding?

Answer 41

nasogastric feeding tube, esophagostomy, and a pharyngostomy

Question 42

What occurs during a pharyngostomy?

Answer 42

a feeding tube is inserted into a stoma, or a hole, in the external neck region skin, which extends into the pharynx

Question 43

What occurs during a esophagostomy?

Answer 43

a feeding tube is inserted through a hole made into the esophagus from the chest area.