Ch. 11-Dysphagia Flashcards
What is dysphagia?
issues with swallowing or chewing food
What is gastroesophageal reflux?
food or acid from the stomach moves back into the esophagus; results from problems or weakness related to the anatomy of swallowing
What is a bolus?
small round mass of chewed food
What is spina bifida?
a congenital disorder; malformation of the spinal column that involves associated neural damage.
What does spina bifida result in?
limited sensation and motor control difficulties; feeding difficulties; difficulties in sucking and in taking food
What is AIDS?
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; it infects white blood cells, the brain, the skin, and other tissues in the body.
What doe HIV-positive children experience
Trouble managing oral secretions and exhibit odynophagia
What is odynophagia?
painful swallowing
What is Pierre Robin syndrome?
congenital abnormality of the jaw
What is Treacher Collins syndrome?
congenital abnormality of the face
What is esophageal atresia?
a physiological abnormality; prevents normal esophageal swallowing and results in choking
When does esophageal atresia occur?
when the esophagus doesn’t have an open connection to the stomach
What is pyloric stenosis?
a condition that can be congenital or acquired; the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach narrows and prevents food from passing to the small intestine.
What happens when pyloric stenosis is congenital?
the infant vomits and cannot ingest milk and water
How is pyloric stenosis acquired?
peptic ulcer or carcinoma
What percentage of individuals over age 55 experience swallowing difficulties?
up to 22%
For those who suffer stroke, what percentage experince dysphagia?
25% to 75%
What is multiple sclerosis?
a central nervous system disorder
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
poor coordination, muscle weakness, and often speech and visual disturbances, numbness or tingling sensation in the extremites or on one side of the face
What dysphagia related issues are associated with multiple sclerosis?
delayed swallowing reflex and reduced pharyngeal peristaltic action
What is tardive dyskinesia?
involuntary, repetitive facial, tongnue, or limb movements
What causes tardive dyskinesia?
antipsychotic drugs
What is silent aspiration?
lack of cough when food or liquid enters the airway
What is a primary indicator of dysphagia in infants?
failure to thrive; part of a screening for newborns
What is a tracheostomy tube?
device used to help a patient breathe
What is the modified barium swallow study?
x-ray procedure used to diagnose dysphagia in children and in adults after clinical screenings
What is another name for the modified barium swallow study?
video fluroscopy
What is fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing?
another way to diagnose children and adults with dysphagia; used for those patients who may be too ill to be brought to a radiology department
What is scintigraphy?
computerized technique sometimes used with adults for measuring the amount of aspiration during or after a swallow.
Who performs scintigraphy?
radiologist, gastroentologist, or an otolaryngologist
What posture is recommended for patients with delayed pharyngeal swallow?
the chin tuck posture
What posture is recommended to patients with poor tongue mobility if they have excellent airway closure?
head-back position
What does the chin tuck posture help prevent?
helps prevent food and liquid from entering the airway
What postures are used when an individual has an impairment on one side?
head tilt and head rotation
What does the term “double swallow” mean?
multiple swallows that an individual who has food left after swallowing the first time should do.
What is a supraglottal swallow?
used for individuals who don’t fully close the glottis during swallowing or who close the glottis late.
What are the steps a client takes to complete a supraglottal swallow?
- breathe in and hold your breath; 2. put a small amount of food or liquid in my mouth; 3. swallow; 4. cough or clear your throat while exhaling; 5. swallow again
What is the Mendelsohn Maneuver?
a technique that is useful for those who do not have enough laryngeal elevation during swallowing.
What are the instructions for the Mendelsohn Maneuver?
- Place a small amount of food or liquid in your mouth; 2. chew if needed; 3. Swallow while placing your thumb and forefinger on either side of your larynx; 4. manually hold the larynx for 3-5 seconds during and after swallowing; 5. let go of the larynx and let it drop.
What occurs when nasogastric tube feeding occurs?
a tube is placed from the nose to the pharynx, the esophagus, and then the stomach. Liquid and food pass through it.
What are methods of nonoral feeding?
nasogastric feeding tube, esophagostomy, and a pharyngostomy
What occurs during a pharyngostomy?
a feeding tube is inserted into a stoma, or a hole, in the external neck region skin, which extends into the pharynx
What occurs during a esophagostomy?
a feeding tube is inserted through a hole made into the esophagus from the chest area.
