Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions
Can be extrinsic or instrinsic
Instincts
Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
Instinct Theory
People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts
Arousal
The state of being awake and responsive to stimuli
Optimal Arousal Level
Optimal performance requires optimal arousal. Arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance
Drives
Internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals
1º drives: related to biological processes
2º drive: stem from learning
Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
\_\_\_\_\_self-esteem\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_love and belonging\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_safety and security\_\_\_\_\_
________physiological_________
higher needs only produce drives once lower needs are met
Self-actualization
full realization of one’s potential
self-determination theory
emphasizes 3 universal needs:
- autonomy
- competence
- relatedness
Expectancy-Value Theory
The amount of motivation for a task is based on the expectation of success and the value of that success
Opponent-Process Theory
Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
House Money Effect
After prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one’s own
Gambler’s Fallacy
If something happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Two people act out of their own self-interest, but if they had cooperated, the result would have been even better
