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Neuro > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Define motivation

A

refers to the forces that activate behavior toward satisfying needs or achieving goals

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2
Q

Define hedonic

A

relating to or considered in terms of pleasant sensations

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3
Q

define rewards

A

objects, stimuli, or activities that have positive value

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4
Q

Where do motivational states arise from?

A

Interaction of internal and external inputs

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5
Q

Give examples of internal inputs

A

physiological error signals and circadian clock, or cognitive inputs

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6
Q

Where does the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain get input from?

A
  • Brainstem
  • nucleus accumbens
  • medial prefrontal cortex
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7
Q

Where does the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain project to?

A
  • nucleus accumbens
  • medial prefrontal cortex
  • other forebrain structures
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8
Q

What is the function of motivation?

A

influence attentiveness, goal selection, investment of effort in pursuit of goals, and responsiveness to stimuli.

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9
Q

What happens to motivation in TBI patients?

A

-Diminished motivation

Apathy, abulia, and akinetic mutism.

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10
Q

What is apathy?

A

lack of feeling or emotion

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11
Q

What is Abulia?

A

loss of deficiency of will power, initiative, or drive

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12
Q

What is akinetic mutism?

A

wakeful state with no spontaneous movement or verablization

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13
Q

What are the 2 definitions of cognition?

A
  1. Purves- the ability to attend to external stimuli or internal motivation; to identify the significance of such stimuli; and to make appropriate responses.
  2. Kandel- Deriving knowledge through thinking and reasoning.
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14
Q

Give examples of external inputs

A
  • incentive stimuli arising from the goal of the motivational state
  • ex. cold environment, animal is hungry and sees food
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15
Q

Define regulatory behavior

A

typically arise in response to or in anticipation of a physiolgoical error, serving to maintain homeostasis.
-ex. feeding, drinking

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16
Q

Define non-regulatory behavior

A

may be compensatory resonses to deprivation, hedonic, or a drive reduction and do not serve to maintain homeostasis.
-ex. satisfying a craving

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17
Q

What happens during long-term feeding behaviors?

A

Eating a lot–> adipocytes release Leptin into bloodstream–> activation of receptors on neurons in hypothalamus–> neurons release aMSH and CART.

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18
Q

What happens during short-term feeding behaviors?

A

Activation of mechanoreceptors in stomach wall, intestinal cells and enteric neurons releace cholecystokinin into blood–> vagus nerve–> nucleus of solitary tract–> decreased feeding

Eating slower allows the brain to catch up to the signals being sent.

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19
Q

What is long term feeding behavior?

A

Maintenance of energy balance

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20
Q

What is short term feeding behavior?

A

Appetite, Eating, Digestion, Satiety

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21
Q

What are the 3 different types of responses that occur during long term regulatory behaviors, and what occurs during each response?

A
  1. Humoral- increase pituitary hormones, raises metabolic rate.
  2. Visceromotor- increase sympathetic tone, elevates body temp, raises metabolic rate
  3. Somatic Motor- decrease cortical input, decrease feeding
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22
Q

What is the point of the long term regulatory behavior related to feeding?

A

Regulation of the body’s fat reserves.

-Ex. when you eat too much of one food, your motivation to eat declines.

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23
Q

What is the point of the short term regulatory behavior related to feeding?

A

regulation of meal size and frequency

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24
Q

What anatomical structure is related to regulatory behaviors?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

What is an example of a non-regulatory behavior, and explain the study involved?

A

Electrical self stimulation by a rat.

A rat is given electrical stimulation to certain brain regions whenever it presses a button. When receiving electrical stimulation to the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain it will do anything in order to get stimulated (won’t eat, reproduce). The electrical stimulation appears to provide a reward that reinforces the work.

26
Q

What do dopamine neurons signal?

A

errors in reward prediction

27
Q

What does “errors in reward prediction” mean?

A

Events that are better than expected release dopamine, worse than expected decrease the firing rate, and occur as expected cause no change.

28
Q

Describe the study with the monkey and the juice.

A
  • a monkey is taught that when a light flashes, it will receive juice.
  • Dopamine levels go down when the light flashes and no juice is provided.
  • Dopamine levels increase when more juice is given than expected.
29
Q

Where are the multimodal association cortices located?

A
  • between the relatively well-defined input and output systems.
  1. prefrontal cortex
  2. parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
30
Q

Describe the connections occurring in the multimodal association cortex.

A

Reciprocal

  • Receive input from cortical regions, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, brainstem modulatory systems.
  • Project to same areas plus basal ganglia and spinal cord.
31
Q

What is the function of the mulitmodal association areas?

A

Mediate the most complex and least well-characterized brain functions, loosely referred to as cognition.

32
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the multimodal association areas?

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Temporal
  3. Frontal
33
Q

What is the parietal area responsible for?

A

Space and Attention

34
Q

What is the temporal area responsible for?

A

Recognition and identification of stimuli that are attended to particularly complex stimuli.

35
Q

What does a lesion of the temporal lobes result in?

A

Difficulty recognizing, identifying, and naming different categories of object. Disorders are called agnosias and are confined to a single sensory modality.

36
Q

What is the frontal area responsible for?

A

Planning and decision making

-An appreciation of self in relation to the world that allows behaviors to be planned and executed normally.

37
Q

Define attention

A 
selective awareness of a part or aspect of the environment; AND/OR selective response to one class of stimuli. 
-limited in capacity, related to but distinct from consciousness
38
Q

What is the Clinical model of attention?

A

based on recovering of attention in patients with brain damage after coma

  • used for evaluation and treatment
  • correlates strongly with ADLs
39
Q

List the types of attention in order from least to most difficult according to the clinical model of attention.

A
  1. Focused
  2. Sustained
  3. Selective
  4. Alternating
  5. Divided
40
Q

What is focused attention?

A

The ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli.
Ex. Listening to hear if the washing machine has stopped while cooking.

41
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity.
Ex. watching an EKG monitor while having things going on around you.

42
Q

What is selective attention and what are the 2 different types?

A

The ability to focus on or select one stimulus in the environment and block out competing stimuli.

  1. Overt- act of directing our eyes or ears towards a stimulus source (ex. identifying a face in a crowd)
  2. Covert- act of attending to a stimulus source without directing our eyes or ears toward the stimulus source. (ex. having a conversation with someone but listening to the table next to you).
43
Q

What is alternating attention?

A

The ability to shift attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements.
-Ex. reading and making a recipe

44
Q

What is divided attention?

A

The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.
-Ex. Driving a car and carrying a conversation.

45
Q

What are the two ways that selective attention is directed?

A
  1. Exogenous (Non-voluntary, Bottom-up, Reflexive)- directed by a stimulus (ex. loud noise)
  2. Endogenous (voluntary, top-down)- Directed by behavioral goals and other intrinsic factors. (Ex. I want to pay attn in class).
46
Q

What are the two theories related to attention and what is their function?

A
  • attempt to explain the stage or stages at which attention affects the processing of sensory input.
  1. Early Selection
  2. Late Selection
47
Q

Explain the Early Selection Theory

A

There is a low level gating mechanism that can filter out irrelevant information BEFORE the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis.

48
Q

Explain the Late Selection Theory

A

All stimuli are processed through the completion of sensory and perceptual processing before there is a high-level gating mechanism that can filter out irrelevant information.

49
Q

What are the anatomical structures involved with attention?

A
  1. Parietal Cortex
  2. Frontal Cortex
  3. Thalamus, Superior Colliculus
50
Q

What is the type of neurons are in the parietal cortex?

A
  1. Neurons are activated when an animal attends to a stimulus, but not when the stimulus is ignored.
  2. Neurons that are activated when an animal responds to a behaviorally meaningful stimulus, with the strength of the response reflecting the amount of attention paid to the stimulus.
51
Q

What type of neurons are in the frontal cortex?

A

Stimulation of neurons responsible for motor field where stimulus is located, results in enhanced visual performance.

52
Q

What is the Fan&Posner Theory of Attentional Networks?

A

View conceptualizes the attentional system in specific functional and anatomical terms as comprising 3 separable functional components of alerting, orienting, and executive control.

53
Q

What does the functional component alerting involve and what are the anatomical structures associated?

A

a change in the internal state in preparation for perceiving a stimulus.
- Thalamus, Parietal Cortex, Frontal Cortex, Brainstem

54
Q

What does the functional component Orienting involve and what are the anatomical structures associated?

A

Rapid or slow shifting of attention among objects within a modality or among various sensory modalities.
-Parietal Cortex, Superior Colliculus, Thalamus, Frontal Eye Fields

55
Q

What does the functional component Executive control involve and what are the anatomical structures associated?

A

More complex mental operations in detecting and resolving conflict between computations occurring in different brain areas.
Most needed in situations that involve planning or decision making, error detection, novel, or not well-learned responses, conditions judged difficult or dangerous, and in overcoming habitual actions.
-Prefrontal Cortex, Cingulate Cortex.

56
Q

Where does the R parietal cortex mediate attention to?

A

Both left and right halves of the body and extrapersonal space.

57
Q

What does the L parietal cortex mediate attention to?

A

Right half of the body and extrapersonal space.

58
Q

Where does the hemisphere bias arise from?

A

Specialization of the L hemisphere for language.

59
Q

What is hemispatial (contralateral) neglect syndrome?

A

characterized by an inability to attend to objects or even one’s own body, in a portion of space, despite the fact that visual acuity, somatic sensation and motor ability remain intact.
Most commonly due to: R parietal lobe lesions.

60
Q

What are the functions of attention?

A
  1. Enhances neuronal (visual, auditory, somatosensory) sensitivity.
  2. Improves speed and accuracy of behavioral responses to attended stimuli.

Neuro (31 decks)

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