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Neuro > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Inferior to hypothalamic sulcus

  • Superior to pituitary gland (continuous with it)
  • Caudal to lamina terminalis
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2
Q

What is the hypothalamus made of?

A

Aggregations of neuron cell bodies and axons.

  1. Preoptic Area- Rostral
  2. Zones
  3. Nuclei
  4. Fibers
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3
Q

What are the zones in the hypothalamus?

A

Run from medial–>lateral

  1. Periventricular
  2. Medial- releasing hormones
  3. Lateral- locomotion
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4
Q

Where are the pre-optic areas in the hypothalamus located?

A

Most rostral

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5
Q

What is located caudal to the pre-optic area of hypothalmus?

A

Zones

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6
Q

What is the major function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostatic function

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of fiber bundles in the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Medial Forebrain Bundle- Traverses lateral zone

2. Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus- traverses periventricular zone

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8
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive input from?

A
  1. Hippocampus (memory)
  2. Septal Nuclei
  3. Amygdaloid (emotion)
  4. Brainstem
    Also: prefrontal cortex, thalamus, retina (circadian rhythm)
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9
Q

where does the hypothalamus project to?

A

amygdaloid, brainstem, thalamus, and SC.

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10
Q

What is the the relationship of hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

intrinsic connections

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11
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided?

A
  1. Anterior (adenohypophysis)- release many hormones into bloodstream
  2. Posterior (neurohypophysis)- secretes hormones that influence adenohypophysis
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12
Q

What are the 6 basic physiologic processes that the hypothalamus regulates?

A
  1. BP and Electrolyte Composition
  2. Body Temperature
  3. Energy Metabolism
  4. Reproduction
  5. Emergency Response to Stress
  6. Sleep-Wake Cycle
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13
Q

Explain how BP and Electrolyte Composition are regulated.

A

Adjustment of cardiac output, vasomotor tone, blood osmolarity, and renal clearance by motivating drinking and salt consumption.

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14
Q

Explain how body temperature is regulated

A

activates mechanisms for heat dissipation (sweating, cutaneous vasodilation, seeking a cooler environment), heat conservation (cutaneous vasoconstriction), and heat production (shivering, seeking a warmer environment).

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15
Q

Explain how energy metabolism is regulated.

A

regulates feeding behavior, digestive functions, and metabolic rate.

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16
Q

Explain how reproduction is regulated.

A

influences gender identity, sexual orientation, and mating behavior.
Females: governs menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and lactation.

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17
Q

Explain how emergency response to stress is regulated.

A

governs release of stress hormones, modulates the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, and influences regional distribution of blood flow.

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18
Q

Describe the basic physiological mechanisms occurring in the hypothalamus.

A
  1. Receives sensory and contextual information
  2. compares sensory information to biological set points
  3. activates relevant autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses to restore homeostasis.
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19
Q

What are the 2 areas that the hypothalamus is divided?

A
  1. Caudolateral

2. Rostromedial

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20
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Caudolateral area of the hypothalamus.

A

S: lateral zone and posterior region
F: produces behavioral manifestations that are generally associated with anxiety. Increase sympathetic division of ANS, aggressive behavior, hunger, and body temperature.

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21
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Rostromedial area of the hypothalamus.

A

S: remaining anterior and tuberal regions
F: production of content behavior. Increased parasympathetic activity, passive behavior, satiety, and decreased body temperature.

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22
Q

What are 2 hypothalamic reflexes?

A
  1. Temperature Regulation

2. Water Balance

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23
Q

Describe what happens during the temperature regulation reflex.

A

Information about external temp–>thermoreceptors in skin

Information about internal temp–>thermoreceptors in hypothalamus

24
Q

How is osmolarity of blood monitored?

A

osmolarity sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus.

25
Q

What happens when the osmolarity in the blood is high?

A

osmolarity sensitive neurons in hypothalamus stimulate ADH producing neurons to release more. ADH increases renal water resorption.

26
Q

What would happen if there was a lesion of the pituitary gland?

A

-Result in specific endocrine deficit.

27
Q

What are the 2 components of the the emotional state?

A
  1. Emotion

2. Feeling

28
Q

Define emotion.

A

the physiological state (i.e. increased HR and respiration, dryness of mouth, tense muscles, sweaty palms).

  • occurs unconsciously when the brain detects challenging situations or stimuli.
  • involves cognitive, endocrine, autonomic, and musculoskeletal responses.
29
Q

Define feeling.

A

Refers to cognitive state (i.e. happiness, surprise, anger, fear, sadness, etc)

30
Q

what is the major player in coordinating emotion and feeling?

A

amygdaloid

31
Q

What does the peripheral expression of an emotional state involve?

A
  1. Visceral motor (physiological)

2. Somatic motor (emotional)

32
Q

What is an example of the visceral motor component of peripheral expression?

A

Increased HR and BP, dilation of pupils, and erection of hairs on back.

33
Q

What is an example of somatic motor component of peripheral expression?

A

Arching of the back, extending the claws, lashing the tail, and snarling.

34
Q

What anatomical structure is responsible for the peripheral expression of emotion?

A

Hypothalamus

35
Q

Describe a study involved with input to the hypothalamus about emotion.

A

Subjects given step by step instructions on how to move their face to express anger, disgust, fear, happiness etc. without being told which emotion they are simulating.

  • Physiological responses are recorded, and matched responses occur to the facial expression produced.
  • this tells us that hypothalamus is listening to our senses (sensory information from muscles is giving input to hypothalamus)
36
Q

Describe a study involved with forebrain projection to brainstem.

A

researcher tells subject to smile or subject is shown a funny video (involuntary)
- sets of pathways, one from primary motor cortex (corticobulbar pathway) and other from ventral forebrain.

37
Q

What is the function of peripheral expression of emotion?

A
  1. prepares the body for action

2. communicates our emotional states to other people

38
Q

What does the cortical representation of feeling refer to?

A

Cognitive state

39
Q

What does cortical processing of emotionally significant stimuli result in?

A

Conscious experience of emotional state (Feeling)

40
Q

Explain what happens to a pt who has the prefrontal cortex or cingulate gyrus removed.

A
  • pain is not felt as a powerful unpleasant experience

- pain is experienced as a sensation, exhibiting the appropriate autonomic reactions

41
Q

What anatomical structures are responsible for cortical representation of feeling?

A

The limbic system.

42
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A
  1. limbic region
  2. hippocampus
  3. amygdaloid
  4. parts of basal ganglia
  5. hypothalamus
  6. thalamus
  7. prefrontal cortex
43
Q

Where does the limbic system receive input from?

A
  1. Senses

2. Amygdaloid

44
Q

Where does the limbic system project to?

A
  1. Amygdaloid
  2. hypothalamus
  3. brainstem
45
Q

What do feelings arise from?

A

as a consequence of a more general capacity for self awareness, entailing both the conscious experience of implicit emotional processing (physiologic) and explicit processing of semantically based though (memories coming together to give us feelings)

46
Q

what is the function of the cortical expression of feeling?

A
  1. Means by which memory and imagination can evoke feelings.
  2. enables us to use emotional information in cognitive processing
  3. provides the means by which conscious thought can suppress reflex emotional responses.
47
Q

What structure is most important for our emotional states?

A

Amygdaloid

48
Q

Where is the amygdaloid located?

A

internal to uncus, rostral to hippocampus

49
Q

What is the amygdaloid composed of?

A

aggregation of neuron cell bodies

50
Q

What are the 3 groups of connections in the amygdaloid?

A
  1. Medial group= olfactory bulb and cortex
  2. Central group= hypothalamus and related brainstem nuclei
  3. Basal-Lateral Group= Thalamus, prefrontal, cingulate and parahippocampal cortices; associational cortex of the temporal lobe, ventral basal ganglia.
51
Q

What is the function of the amygdaloid?

A
  1. coordinates the physiological and cognitive states of emotional states.
  2. mediates learned and unlearned emotional responses. (classic fear conditioning of animals)
  3. mediates neural processes that invest sensory experience with emotional significance. ( implicit memory of the appropriate cues that signal emotions expressed by faces-social cues)
  4. Influences the selection and initiation of drive-related behaviors aimed at obtaining rewards and avoiding punishments.
52
Q

What would happen if there was a large lesion of the limbic system?

A

Result in flattening of emotions, as reflected by the fact that emotional extremes are reduced.

53
Q

What happens to subjects who have frontal lobe lesions

A

make inappropriate, riskier decisions when playing cards.

54
Q

What happens to subjects who have bilateral damage to the amygdaloid nuclei?

A

Difficulty judging the trustworthiness of human faces and often show inappropriately friendly behavior toward strangers in real-life situations.

55
Q

What is the right hemisphere important for?

A
  1. Expression and comprehension of the affective aspects of speech. (Aprosody)
  2. More involved in negative emotions
56
Q

What is the left hemisphere important for?

A

more involved in positive emotions

57
Q

What happens to patients with left anterior hemisphere lesion?

A

incidence of depression is higher.

Neuro (31 decks)

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