Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Which CN neurons transmit viscerosensory information?

A

9 and 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 types of viscerosensory receptors?

A
  1. Nociceptors

2. Physiologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of stimuli do nociceptors respond to?

A

stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue or to stimuli resulting from the presence of damaged tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is visceral pain often described as diffuse and difficult to localize?

A

Because receptor density is low and receptive fields are correspondingly large.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of stimuli do physiologic receptors respond to?

A

innocuous stimuli monitoring the functions of visceral structures on a continuing basis. (help to maintain homeostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two pathways in the viscerosensory and visceromotor systems?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the viscerosensory system, what type of information does the sympathetic nervous system convey?

A

Information originating from nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the viscerosensory system, what type of information does the parasympathetic nervous system convey?

A

Information originating from physiologic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do viscerosensory fibers originate from?

A

structures that receive GVE input from the same spinal level as the one it is entering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of visceral activity that enters the spinal cord reach the level of consciousness?

A

only information related to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the target areas of the viscerosensory system?

A
  1. Reticular Formation

2. Nucleus of Solitary Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the reticular formation made up of?

A

Diffuse and ill-defined collection of nuclei interspersed among all the more compact and named structures of the brainstem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the reticular formation project to?

A

Hyothalamus and thalamus, ultimately projects to broad areas of cortex (mostly frontal lobe).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of information reaches the reticular formation?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic viscerosensory information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the job of the reticulothalamic/thalamocortical pathway?

A

To “alert” or “activate” the cerebral cortex as a whole and constitute one important part of the ascending reticular activating system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract located?

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of information does the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract receive?

A

Parasympathetic viscerosensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does information from the Nucleus of the Solitary tract project to?

A

Several brainstem nuclei that are involved in pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes and the central regulation of respiratory, cardiovascular, and GI fxns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Where noxious stimuli originate in a visceral structure and are perceived as pain arising from a somatic structure. Mechanism is thought to involve a convergence of somatic and visceral information onto pools of dorsal horn neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the target tissues of the Visceromotor system?

A
  1. Cardiac Muscle (SA node)
  2. Smooth Muscle (blood vessels and hollow viscera)
  3. Glandular Epithelium (skin, hollow, and solid viscera)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of influence do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have on target tissues?

A

Overlapping and anatagonist influences on target tissues located in body cavities and some structure of the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system innervate?

A

Target tissues of body wall and extremities, adrenal medulla, and most arterial blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 neurons involved in the pathway from Brainstem/Spinal Cord–> Target Tissues?

A
  1. Preganglionic Neuron

2. Postganglionic Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the cell body and axon of the preganglionic neuron?

A

Cell Body- CNS

Myelinated axon projects to an autonomic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is the cell body and axon of the postganglionic neuron?

A

Cell Body- Autonomic ganglion

Unmyelinated axon projects to target tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of visceromotor system synapse?

A

On chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the synapse with target tissues of the terminal branches of postganglionic neurons.

A
  • Postganglionic neurons have swellings containing neurotransmitter vesicles along their length, giving them a beaded appearance.
  • Neurotransmitter released acts on effector cells up to 100mm away. Therefore exerting a diffuse control over target tissues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the functions of the visceromotor system?

A
  1. Control of visceral functions- regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.
  2. Adaptive responses to stimuli- light, temperature, stress.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the sympathetic outflow in the visceromotor system originate?

A

Thoracolumbar area- T1-L2 (Intermediolatearl Cell Column of Lateral Horn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is the pathway of the sympathetic division different from parasympathetic in visceromotor system?

A

Generally have short preganglionic fibers and long post ganglionic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are the cell bodies and axons of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cell bodies: Interomedial cell column of the lateral horn of T1-L2.
Axons: exit through ventral roots and enter sympathetic trunk via white communicating rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are the 3 places the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system can synapse?

A
  1. In a paravertebral ganglion either at the same or different level.
  2. Pass through a paravertebral ganglion to form a splanchnic nerve
  3. Pass through a paravertebral ganglion to synapse directly on a chromaffin cell of adrenal medulla.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

An endocrine gland that secretes both epinephrine and norepinephrine into circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How are the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system grouped?

A

Grouped into discrete ganglia that are located at some distance from the target tissue.

  1. Cell bodies in paravertebral ganglion
  2. Cell bodies in prevertebral ganglion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When the cell bodies are in the paravertebral ganglion, what are the 2 pathways of the axons.

A

Axon exits through gray communicating ramus (spinal nerve)–>target tissues of head, body wall, and extremities.

Axon exits as carotid, cardiac, or pulmonary nerve–> target tissues of head and thorax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When the cell bodies are in the prevertebral ganglion, what is the pathway of the axon?

A

Splanchnic nerve–>cell body–>axon contributes to formation of perivascular plexus (follows arterial supply of viscera)–> target tissues of abdomen and pelvis

37
Q

What are the 2 types of ganglia in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A
  1. Paravertebral

2. Prevertebral

38
Q

Describe the paravertebral ganglia in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system.

A

From 2 parallel cords that extend the full length of vertebral column
-connected to spinal cords via white or gray communicating rami

39
Q

Describe the prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system.

A
  • Associated with abdominal aorta

- Celiac, Aorticorenal, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric

40
Q

Describe the branching pattern of the preganglionic neurons

A

Branch into the periphery and synapse on many postganglionic neurons
-Diffuse and widespread

41
Q

Where do postganglionic neurons receive input from?

A
  • Many preganglionic neurons

- Lots of input, lots of output.

42
Q

What neurotransmitters are used when the preganglionic neurons synapse onto the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Aetylcholine (+Neuropeptides)

43
Q

What receptors are used when the preganglionic neurons synapse onto the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cholinergic-Nicotinic

Ionotropic, evoking fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials

44
Q

What neurotransmitters are used when the postganglionic neurons synapse on the target tissues in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A
  1. Norepinephrine (except AcH at most sweat glands)
45
Q

What receptors are used when the postganglionic neurons synapse on the target tissues in the sympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Adrenergic

Metabotropic, evoking slow excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic potentials

46
Q

What is the function of the Beta 1 receptors?

A

Excitatory effects on cardiac muscle.

47
Q

What is the function of Beta 2 receptors?

A

Inhibitory effects on smooth muscle

48
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic Division of the Visceromotor System?

A
  1. Mobilization of resources for intensive activity (aka flight or fight response)
  2. On going, selective control of viscera
49
Q

What are the actions of the “flight or fight response”

A
  1. Increases: HR, BP, Bloow flow, BG level, sweating, and pupil diameter.
  2. Decreases: gut motility, digestive gland secretion, blood flow to abdomin or viscera.
  3. Stimulation of adrenal medulla to enhance response to stress.
50
Q

What is Complex Regional Pain syndrome?

A

characterized by chronic, continuous, intense pain in one of the extremities, possibly due to abnormal connections between sympathetic postganglionic neurons and nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons following a tissue or nerve injury.

51
Q

Where does the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system originate?

A

Craniosacral Region
Cranio- CN 3, 7, 9, 10
Sacral- S2-S4 (Sacral Parasympathetic Nucleus)

52
Q

How is the pathway of the parasympathetic division different from sympathetic in visceromotor system?

A

Generally have long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.

53
Q

Where are the cell bodies and axons of the CRANIAL preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cell Bodies: Nuclei of CN 3, 7, 9, 10

Axons: Exit brainstem as branches of those CNs

54
Q

Where are the cell bodies and axons of the SACRAL preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cell bodies: Sacral parasympathetic nucleus of S2-S4

Axon: Exits SC through ventral roots and forms pelvic nerves

55
Q

In the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system, how are the post ganglionic neurons divided?

A
  1. Selected Cranial (3, 7, 9)

2. CN 10 and Sacral

56
Q

Where are the cell bodies and axons of the Selected Cranial post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cell Bodies: discrete ganglia associated with each CN

Axons: Travel with branches of CN V and innervate some target tissues of the head

57
Q

Where are the cell bodies and axons of CN 10 and Sacral post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cell Bodies: Terminal Ganglia

Axons: located in target tissue and innervate target tissues of the body cavities.

58
Q

Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system located?

A
  1. Selected Cranial: Head, CN 3, 7, 9, 10.

2. Terminal: located in or on the wall of the target organ

59
Q

Where do post ganglionic neurons receive input from?

A

Receives synaptic input from only one or a few preganglionic neurons (more focused than sympathetic)

60
Q

What neurotransmitters are used when the preganglionic neuron synapses on the post ganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Acetylcholine (+Neuropeptides)

61
Q

What receptors are used when the preganglionic neuron synapses on the post ganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cholinergic-Nicotinic

62
Q

What neurotransmitters are used when the post ganglionic neuron synapses on the target tissue in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Acetylcholine (+Neuropeptides)

63
Q

What receptors are used when the post ganglionic neuron synapses on the target tissue in the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A

Cholinergic-Muscarinic

Metabotropic. Evokes slow excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic potentials.

64
Q

What is the functional role of the M1 receptor?

A

Excitatory effects on smooth muscle and glandular tissue

65
Q

What is the functional role of the M2 receptor?

A

Inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

66
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the visceromotor system?

A
  1. Promotion of restorative processes

2. On-going, selective control of viscera.

67
Q

Describe the organization of the enteric division of the visceromotor system.

A
  • Walls of GI tract
  • Motor+Sensory+ Interneurons in 2 interconnected plexuses.
  • Independent of CNS, has both sympathetic and parasympathetic input.
68
Q

What is the function of the enteric division of the visceromotory system?

A

Controls the cooridnated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and regulates secretion and blood flow.

69
Q

What 3 structures are associated with regulation of ANS?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Nucleus of Solitary Tract
  3. Reticular Formation
70
Q

What is responsible for the regulation of ANS?

A

Central Autonomic Network

71
Q

What is the Central Autonomic Network?

A
  • interconnected set of structures in the forebrain and brainstem.
  • integrates sensory input, and input from higher CNS centers involved in cognition and complex behavioral functions.
  • coordinates visceral motor, endocrine, and somatic motor outflow.
72
Q

What is the role of hypothalamus in Central Autonomic Network?

A

-Highest integrator of autonomic and endocrine functions.

73
Q

What is the role of Nucleus of Solitary Tract in Central Autonomic Network?

A
  • most important brainstem structure coordinating autonomic functions.
74
Q

Where is the nucleus of the solitary tract located and how is it divided?

A

Location: Medulla
Organization: Divided into caudal (visceral) nucleus and rostral (gustatory) nucleus.

75
Q

What kind of information does the nucleus of the solitary tract receive?

A

GVE and SVE (related to taste).

76
Q

Where do the axons of the visceral nucleus project to?

A
  1. Preganglionic neurons in brainstem/SC (sensory/motor reflexes)
  2. Autonomic centers in reticular formation (cardiac, respiratory centers)
  3. Higher integrative centers in the hypothalamus and amygdaloid.
77
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A
  • diffuse and ill-defined collection of nuclei interspersed among brainstem.
  • autonomic centers organize the efferent activities of specific pools of primary visceral motor neurons.
78
Q

Where does the reticular formation get its input from?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic viscerosensory information.

79
Q

Where does the reticular formation project to?

A
  1. preganglionic neurons in the brainstem/SC

2. Hypothalamus

80
Q

What are 2 examples of visceral reflexes?

A
  1. Cardiovascular- Baroreceptor Reflex

2. Urinary Bladder- Micturition

81
Q

What is the function of the baroreceptor reflex?

A

maintains BP within normal ranges in response to sudden postural changes.

82
Q

Describe what happens during the baroreceptor reflex when a pt stands up and there is a reduction in BP.

A
  1. Decrease in discharge of Baroreceptors in carotid and aortic sinuses.–> Increase sympathetic, decrease parasympathetic outflow of cardiac system–> Increase in HR, SV, and TPR–>Increase in BP
83
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension.

A

Severe drop in BP when an individual assumes an upright position due to failure of baroreceptor reflex.

84
Q

What is the function of Micturition?

A

the neural control of bladder function involves the coordination of relevant autonomic, somatic motor, and cognitive faculties that inhibit or promote urination.

85
Q

During bladder filling, what is the discharge of mechanoreceptors in bladder?

A

low

86
Q

During bladder filling, describe what low discharge of mechanoreceptors causes.

A
  1. Increase sympathetic outflow to internal urethral sphincter ( contraction of sphincter)
  2. inhibition parasympathetic outflow to bladder wall (relaxed wall)
  3. Tonic activity of sacral somatic motor neurons to external urethral sphincter ( contraction of external urethral sphincter)

-All leads to urine storage

87
Q

When the bladder is full, what is the discharge of mechanoreceptors in bladder?

A

increases to a threshold level

88
Q

When the bladder is full, describe what high discharge of mechanoreceptors causes.

A
  1. decrease sympathetic outflow to internal urethral sphincter ( relaxation of sphincter)
  2. increase parasympathetic outflow to bladder wall (contraction of wall)
  3. inhibition of sacral somatic motor neurons to external urethral sphincter ( relaxation of external urethral sphincter)
89
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia

A

syndrome characterized by abrupt onset of excessively high BP in persons with SCI due to loss of supraspinal control of sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic system, precipitated by a noxious stimulus below the level of SCI.

Neuro (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions