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Neuro > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Define memory.

A

the processes whereby the nervous system:

  1. Acquires information from new experiences
  2. Retains this information over time
  3. Uses it to guide behavior and plan future actions
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2
Q

Define learning

A

the process by which new information is acquired by the nervous system and is observable through changes in behavior.

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3
Q

What are the two ways to categorize memory?

A
  1. Time

2. Qualitative Components

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of temporal memory?

A
  1. Immediate
  2. Working
  3. Long Term
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5
Q

What is immediate memory?

A

the ability to hold on going experiences in mind for fractions of a second. (large capacity)

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6
Q

What is working memory?

A

-Short term memory
The ability to hold and manipulate information in mind for seconds to minutes while it is used to achieve a particular goal.
(Limited in both capacity and duration, therefore relevant information must be continuously reactivated by rehearsal or repetition if it is to persist.)

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7
Q

What is long term memory?

A

The ability to retain information in a more permanent form of storage for days, weeks, or even a lifetime.

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8
Q

What are the 2 different types of Qualitative (Long Term) categories?

A
  1. Declarative (Explicit)

2. Non Declarative (Implicit)

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of declarative memory and define them?

A
  1. Episodic: Memory of events

2. Semantic: Memory of facts

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10
Q

Define Non-Declarative (Implicit)

A

Refers to memories that are expressed through performance independently of consciousness

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Non-Declarative memory?

A
  1. Priming
  2. Skill Learning
  3. Conditioning
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12
Q

Define priming.

A

A change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter with the same or a related stimulus.
(ex. completing a word fragment with a previously read word, like wheel of fortune)

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13
Q

Define is skill learning?

A

gradual improvement in performance due to repeated practice. (ex. riding a bicycle)

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14
Q

What is conditioning?

A

simple responses to associations between stimuli (when a dog salivates at the sound of a can opener associated with food)

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15
Q

What are the 3 processes associated with the cellular mechanisms of declarative memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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16
Q

Define encoding of declarative memory.

A

the processes whereby experiences can alter the nervous system with the alterations known as memory traces.

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17
Q

Define engram (memory trace)

A

the physical embodiment of any memory in neuronal machinery.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of encoding of declarative memory?

A
  1. Acquisition

2. Consolidation

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19
Q

Define acquisition (encoding).

A

Refers to a physical modification of the brain caused by incoming sensory information. –> modification of synaptic transmission.

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20
Q

Define consolidation (encoding).

A

The way in which immediate and working memories become long-term memories. (synaptic modifications become more permanent. involves new gene expression and protein synthesis)

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21
Q

What is storage of declarative memory?

A

the retention of memory traces over time

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22
Q

What is retrieval of declarative memory?

A

the accessing of stored memory traces.

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23
Q

What is retrieval most effective with?

A

a retrieval cue- typically a piece of information associated with a particular aspect of the original event.

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24
Q

What are all forms of memory dependent on?

A

Changes in neuronal connectivity and the relative strength of synaptic transmission.

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25
Q

Which anatomical structures are responsible for working memory?

A
  1. Prefrontal Cortex

2. Posterior Parietal Cortex

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26
Q

What happens to animals when the working memory area has a lesion?

A

have difficulty with delayed response tasks such as finding food in a well after being shown the food in the well, followed by a delay.

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27
Q

What anatomical structures are responsible for encoding?

A

Hippocampus

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28
Q

What happens to animals when the encoding area has a lesion?

A

animals with lesions are unable to remember a task. the mouse learns to find the platform, but if it has a lesion, the mouse never learns. Has no memory of where it is.

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29
Q

What anatomical structures are responsible for storage?

A

Cerebral cortex

30
Q

What happens to animals when the storage area has a lesion?

A

larger cortical lesions (location doesn’t matter) correlate with decreased memory as demonstrated while running through mazes of varying difficulty.

31
Q

What anatomical structures are responsible for retrieving memory?

A

Association cortices (primarily frontal)

32
Q

What anatomical structures are responsible for non-declarative memory?

A
  1. Basal Ganglia
  2. Prefrontal Cortex
  3. Amygdala
  4. Sensory Association Cortices
  5. Cerebellum
33
Q

What happens to animals when the non declarative memory area has a lesion?

A

lesions involving connections between the between the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex interfere with the ability to learn new motor skills

34
Q

What is the function of memory?

A

allows us to learn from the past, understand the present, and plan for the future.
-All cognitive abilities depend on memory.

35
Q

What is the function of amnesia?

A

Loss of memory following a neurological insult

36
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

an inability to establish new memories following a neurological insult.

37
Q

Explain what happens in the case of HM.

A

He suffered severe seizures and he underwent surgery. They removed both hippocampus. He had anterograde amnesia. He remembered everything until he had the surgery. His non-declarative memory was fine.

38
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

an inability retrieving memories established prior to a neurological insult.

39
Q

What systems bring language into our brains?

A

Visual and auditory systems

40
Q

What systems produce speech and writing?

A

Motor system

41
Q

Define language.

A

the ability to associate symbols with specific meanings to express thoughts and emotions to ourselves and others. (can be expressed in gestures, writing and speech)

42
Q

Define speech.

A

an audible form of communication built on the sounds that humans produce.
-comes naturally, requires no formal training.

43
Q

What are the 6 components of language?

A
  1. phonemes
  2. words
  3. sentences
  4. grammar
  5. syntax
  6. prosody
44
Q

What are phonemes?

A

fundamental speech sounds

45
Q

What are words?

A

combinations of phonemes

46
Q

What are sentences?

A

sequences of words that express a thought

47
Q

What is grammar?

A

the system of rules by which words are properly formed and combined in any given language

48
Q

What is syntax?

A

the more general set of rules describing the combination of grammatically correct words and phrases that can, in turn, be used to make meaningful sentences?

49
Q

What is prosody?

A

emotional and tonal components of language.

50
Q

Describe the steps of speech production.

A
  1. Exhalation of air–> 2. air flows through the glottis between vocal folds (chords)–> 3. sounds produced by vibrations in tightened vocal folds–> 4. sound is modified at stages of vocal tract (pharynx, mouth, nose)–> 5. changes in the position of the soft palate, tongue, and lips modulate sound for speech.
51
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

motor speech disorder, resulting from impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production (lips, tongue, vocal folds, and/or diaphragm) due to neurological injury.

52
Q

What are the 2 theories on language characteristics?

A
  1. universal grammar

2. connectionist

53
Q

Explain the universal grammar theory.

A

All languages share some basic rules existing in the neural circuitry in specialized brain regions. However, fundamental features of languages vary widely.

54
Q

Explain the connectionist theory of language.

A

A framework for the organization of words based on associations. Ex. When someone is presented with any word, other words automatically come to mind.

55
Q

What area is responsible for the production of language?

A

Broca’s Area (Inferior Frontal Gyrus–> Pars opercularis and triangularis)

56
Q

What area is responsible for comprehension of language?

A

Wernicke’s Area (Superior Temporal Gyrus, Supramarginal Gyrus, Angular Gyrus)

57
Q

what does the left hemisphere mediate?

A

phonetic, word, and sentence processing.

58
Q

what does the right hemisphere mediate?

A

important for expression and comprehension of the affective aspects of speech.

59
Q

What is the function of language?

A

communication

60
Q

What is aphasia?

A

diminished or abolished ability to produce and/or to comprehend language as a vehicle for meaningful communication, while sparing the ability to produce intelligible words and to perceive the relevant stimuli.

61
Q

What is broca’s apahasia?

A
  • inability to produce language
  • organizational aspects of language are disrupted
  • halting speech, perseveration, disordered structure of wrods/grammar/syntax but comprehension is intact.
62
Q

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • inability to comprehend language
  • people have difficulty putting together objects or ideas and the words that signify them.
  • fluency, grammar/syntax are intact
63
Q

What is alexia?

A

inability to read due to lesion interfering with input from visual cortex to the left angular gyrus.

64
Q

What is the function of executive functions?

A
  1. support the flexible control of goal directed behavior, consciously or unconsciously, dependent upon the circumstances in which they are evoked.
  2. Role in maintaining an individual’s personality.
65
Q

What are the 2 general syndromes a lesion in the prefrontal cortex can lead to?

A
  1. Dysexecutive syndrome- lateral prefrontal cortex

2. Disinhibition syndrome- ventral and medial prefrontal cortex

66
Q

What is dysexecutive syndrome?

A

poor initiation, failure to plan, limited attention, difficulty interacting with others, lack of insight, but normal memory, language and intelligence.

67
Q

What is disinhibition syndrome?

A

constant movement, euphoric or manic with an abnormal sense of humor, inappropriate in social situation but normal memory, language, and intelligence.

68
Q

what are the two components of consciousness?

A
  1. content

2. level

69
Q

what is the content component of consciousness?

A

the substrate upon which consciousness acts.

70
Q

what are the levels of consciousness?

A
  1. alertness
  2. attention
  3. awareness of self and environment (focus on this in clinic)
71
Q

how is consciousness defined?

A

in terms of responses to stimuli.

72
Q

define coma

A

a state of unconsciousness and a level of unresponsiveness to all internal and external stimuli

Neuro (31 decks)

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