Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation?
Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort
What is amotivation?
Amotivation is the complete absence of any motivation
Is amotivation a permanent state, or is it temporary?
Temporary
-Can fluctuate with changes to the environment of the task
What are the 2 types of motivation?
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
What is intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation arising from sources inside the body
What is extrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation arising from sources outside the body
Give 2 examples of a way to intrinsically motivate an athlete
-Get them to engage in activities they enjoy
-Get them to engage in activities that inspires improvement
Give 2 examples of a way to extrinsically motivate an athlete
-Praise
-Rewards (money, trophies etc)
Does extrinsic motivation have an impact on intrinsic motivation?
Yes, providing extrinsic rewards CAN have a negative impact on intrinsic motivation
What is a motivational environment?
A physical environment with conditions where athletes will feel motivated
The aim of a leader is to create a ………….
Mastery climate, where participants are encouraged to master skills
To create a mastery climate, what framework is used?
The TARGET acronym
What does the TARGET acronym stand for?
Task
Authority
Recognition
Grouping
Evaluation
Timing
How do family and peers influence the participants motivation?
It is shown that family and peers who encourage and support their athletes, create a higher level of motivation in the athlete, and increase their self-confidence.
Vice versa can be said to cause adverse effects
What are the 4 theories that link to motivation?
1) Need Achievement theory
2) Achievement Goal theory
3) Self-Determination theory
4) Weiner’s Attribution theory
What is Need achievement theory?
It describes if an individual is motivated to succeed or to avoid failure
What are the 2 personality traits of Need achievement theory?
High achiever and low achiever
What is a high achiever? (Need)
A person with high motivation to achieve success, low motivation to avoid failure (nAch)
What is a low achiever? (Need)
A person with low motivation to achieve success, high motivation to avoid failure (naF)
What is a situation factor? (Need)
It describes how likely we are to be successful in a situation based upon the probability of success and the incentive value of success
What is the probability of success? (Need)
- Skill level of the opposition
- Environmental (home/away)
What is incentive success? (Need)
- Value of success in situation
What are resultant tendencies? (Need)
Tendencies to favour different types of opponents
What type of opponent would a high achiever prefer to play against?
(Need)
Opponents with a close skill level, as they like the challenge
What type of opponent would a low achiever prefer to play against?
(Need)
A much higher or lower ranked opponent
This way they have a greater certainty of success or failure - an ego protective strategy
What are emotional reactions? (Need)
Experiencing pride and shame
Both high and low achievers want to feel pride and minimise shame, but their focus is different.
What will a high achiever focus on?
(Need)
A high achiever will focus on maximising pride
Both high and low achievers want to feel pride and minimise shame, but their focus is different.
What will a low achiever focus on?
(Need)
A low achiever will focus on minimising shame
What is achievement behaviour? (Need)
How an individual behaves in competitive situations
Name 3 achievement behaviours that a high achiever (nAch) would manifest
(Need)
- Challenging tasks
- High task persistence
- Aren’t afraid of failure
Name 3 achievement behaviours that a low achiever (naF) would manifest
(Need)
- Difficult/easy tasks where sucess/failure is certain
- Gives up easily
- Are afraid of failure
Everyone has some nAch and naF, the difference between the two makes up someone’s ……….. ………..
(Need)
Everyone has some nAch and naF, the difference between the two makes up someone’s achievement behaviour
What is achievement goal theory?
It looks at 2 different types of orientation, task and outcome orientation
What is task orientation? (Achievement goal)
An individual who has the goal to master a particular skill
What are traits of a task-orientated person? (Achievement goal)
They will consider their ability has improved if they are able to perform a skill better than they did a week ago
A task-orientated person will continue to be motivated so long as their skill levels improve
What is outcome orientation?
(Achievement goal )
Outcome (or ego) orientation is an individual that measures their ability to that of another individual
How will an outcome orientated individual stay motivated? (Achievement goal)
They will be motivated to keep their ability above others, and self-confidence will improve so long as this is the case
Task and outcome orientation can also be called what?
Internally and externally referenced
Why does Achievement goal theory have implications for athletes and their coaches?
It is important for coaches to develop environments where athletes will improve their own skills in relation to their own ability
This is because they have little control on the amount of effort their opponents or teamates expend
What is self-determination theory?
This theory relates to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, but specifically to whether an activity is freely chosen by an individual or has been enforced
What is a self-determined activity?
1) An activity that has been chosen by the participant
2) Participant has control over their experience and how they are conducted
3) If participation is purely for enjoyment rather than any external reward
What has self-determined behaviour been shown to lead to?
- Greater persistence in sport
- Increased ability to cope with stress
- Increased likelihood that peak performance will be achieved
Deci and Ryan (1991) classified extrinsic motivation into four types. What are they?
1) External regulation
2) Introjected regulation
3) Identified regulation
4) Integrated regulation
What is external regulation?
Participation to gain an external reward
What is introjected regulation?
Participation to please other people, yet is freely chosen
What is identified regulation?
Participation that is not enjoyable, but is completed as a stepping stone towards another goal
What is integrated regulation?
An individual freely chooses an activity despite it being suggested or controlled by their coach
Self-determination theory states that there are 3 key psychological needs which must be met if an individual is to stay motivated
What are they?
1) Competence
2) Relatedness
3) Autonomy
What is competence? (Self-determination)
The need to successfully complete a task to the required/desired quality
What is relatedness? (Self-determination)
The need to belong/have close relationships with others
What is autonomy? (Self-determination)
The need to have a choice of control over what is happening in our lives
What is Weiner’s attribution theory?
A theory that focuses on explanations or reasons that people give for their successes and failures, and attempts to categorise them
Attributions can be organised into four types, dependent on their level of stability and locus of control. What are the 4 types?
1) Internal stable
2) External stable
3) Internal unstable
4) External unstable
Attributions can be placed into 2 categories
What are they?
Stable/unstable or internal/external
What is a stable and unstable attribution?
Stable = one that is fairly permanent (skill/ability)
Unstable = one that is subject to change (luck)
What is an internal and external attribution?
Internal = one which is under your control (effort)
External = one that is out of your control (task difficulty)
Weiner’s attribution theory shows that sucessful athletes usually attribute their success to ……., ….. factors
Weiner’s attribution theory shows that sucessful athletes usually attribute their success to internal, stable factors (skill/ability)
Weiner’s attribution theory shows that sucessful athletes usually attribute their failure to ……., ……. factors
Weiner’s attribution theory shows that sucessful athletes usually attribute their success to external, unstable factors (luck)
