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Unit 3 - Sport Pyschology > Factors > Flashcards

Factors Flashcards

Psychological factors

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort

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2
Q

What is amotivation?

A

Amotivation is the complete absence of any motivation

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3
Q

Is amotivation a permanent state, or is it temporary?

A

Temporary
-Can fluctuate with changes to the environment of the task

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of motivation?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

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5
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation arising from sources inside the body

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6
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation arising from sources outside the body

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7
Q

Give 2 examples of a way to intrinsically motivate an athlete

A

-Get them to engage in activities they enjoy
-Get them to engage in activities that inspires improvement

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of a way to extrinsically motivate an athlete

A

-Praise
-Rewards (money, trophies etc)

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9
Q

Does extrinsic motivation have an impact on intrinsic motivation?

A

Yes, providing extrinsic rewards CAN have a negative impact on intrinsic motivation

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10
Q

What is a motivational environment?

A

A physical environment with conditions where athletes will feel motivated

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11
Q

The aim of a leader is to create a ………….

A

Mastery climate, where participants are encouraged to master skills

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12
Q

To create a mastery climate, what framework is used?

A

The TARGET acronym

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13
Q

What does the TARGET acronym stand for?

A

Task
Authority
Recognition
Grouping
Evaluation
Timing

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14
Q

How do family and peers influence the participants motivation?

A

It is shown that family and peers who encourage and support their athletes, create a higher level of motivation in the athlete, and increase their self-confidence.
Vice versa can be said to cause adverse effects

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15
Q

What is arousal?

A

Arousal describes how excited and motivated an individual is about a specific task

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16
Q

Changes in arousal can provide improvements or decrements in performance, based on what 3 things?

A

1) The performer’s original arousal level
2) The location of their optimal point of arousal
3) The task they are performing

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17
Q

Increased arousal levels causes an increase in muscle tension, fatigue, and decrements in co-ordination. Why is this?

A

-Muscle tension makes it harder to produce coordinated movement, as a muscle that is already tense cannot contract anymore, of which interferes with other contraction of muscle groups
-When an individual is tense and anxious, it can make them feel fatigued. Fatigue can detract from producing skilled performances and it can interrupt concentration

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of attention spans that arousal levels can cause?

A

Narrow, broad, optimal

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19
Q

What level of arousal causes narrow attention span?

A

High arousal levels

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20
Q

What level of arousal causes broad attention span?

A

Low arousal levels

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21
Q

What level of arousal causes optimal attention span?

A

Optimal arousal levels

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22
Q

What is a flow state?

A

A point where your arousal has produced an optimum attention span, and you feel absorbed in the activity (IPS)

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23
Q

What is choking?

A

A point that occurs after your flow state, where large uncontrollable errors start to occur, causing a deterioration in performance.

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24
Q

What level of arousal causes choking?

A

High arousal levels

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25
Q

What is stress?

A

A state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation

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26
Q

What is the relationship between stress and arousal?

A

Increased arousal = increased stress

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27
Q

What are the 4 stages of stress?

A

Stage 1) Environmental demand
Stage 2) Individual perception of demand
Stage 3) Stress Response
Stage 4) Behavioral consequences

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28
Q

What is Stage 1, environmental demand?

A

When a demand is placed on the individual, such as being chosen for a team or to demonstrate a skill

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29
Q

What is Stage 2, individual perception of demand?

A

The individual makes a perception about whether they have the resources (skill and ability) to be successful at the task

Either deemed challenging or threatening

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30
Q

What is Stage 3, stress response?

A

Depending on how they viewed the task, a stress response will occur

Challenging = low stress
Threatening = high stress

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31
Q

What is Stage 4, behavioral consequences?

A

The stress response that they produce will have an impact on their success or failure of the task at hand

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32
Q

What are the 2 types of stress?

A

Eustress and distress

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33
Q

What is eustress?

A

Stress that leads to a positive response

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34
Q

What is distress?

A

Stress that leads to a negative response

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35
Q

Provide an example of an internal source of stress

A

Thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about ourselves

Negative thoughts = stress

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36
Q

Provide 2 examples of external sources of stress

A

Importance of event
Uncertainty of event

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37
Q

What is a positive consequence of stress?

A

As arousal levels increase, so will stress and at a point anxiety, of which will cause an increase of energy, focus and motivation for an activity
These increases can produce a positive mental state and increased self-confidence, resulting in improved performance

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38
Q

What is a negative consequence of stress?

A

If arousal levels increase too much, they will experience increased stress and anxiety, that may rise to a point where they become debilitating

At this point, performance will be negatively affected, as the individual will enter a negative mental state

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39
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A negative emotional state where an individual experiences feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension

40
Q

What is the relationship between arousal and stress?

A

As arousal increases, so does stress

41
Q

What are the 2 forms of anxiety?

A

State and trait anxiety

42
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

State anxiety describes the anxiety response of an individual to a specific situation

43
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

Trait anxiety describes anxiety when it is an aspect of an individual’s personality

44
Q

What are the 3 effects of anxiety?

A

Cognitive, somatic, behavioral

45
Q

What is a cognitive effect?

A

A mental effect

46
Q

What is a somatic effect?

A

A physical reaction

47
Q

What is a behavioral effect?

A

A reaction that manifests through the individuals behavior

48
Q

Give 3 examples of cognitive effects of anxiety

A

1) Reduced concentration
2) Inability to relax
3) Sleep disturbance

49
Q

Give 3 examples of somatic effects of anxiety

A

1) Racing heart rate
2) Faster breathing
3) Chest tightness

50
Q

Give 3 examples of behavioral effects of anxiety

A

1) Fidgeting
2) Moodiness/grumpiness
3) Talking/eating/walking quickly

51
Q

What is aggression?

A

An act conducted by an individual to intentionally cause physical or psychological harm to another living being

52
Q

What are the 4 criteria that must be met in order to label an action as aggressive?

A

1) There must be physical or verbal behavior

2) It must involve causing harm or injury, whether it is physical or psychological

3) It must be directed towards another living thing

4) There must be intention to cause harm or injury

53
Q

What are the 4 types of aggression?

A

1) Assertive behavior
2) Instrumental aggression
3) Hostile aggression
4) Relational aggression

54
Q

What is assertive behaviour?

A

When a person plays with high energy and emotion but within the rules of the game

55
Q

Give an example of assertive behaviour

A

A tennis player is playing in a very tough and upbeat manner, but always within the rules

56
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

When acts of aggression are used to achieve a non-aggressive goal

57
Q

Give an example of instrumental aggression

A

In Rugby, a tackle uses a legitimate amount of force of which could injure an opponent, with the goal to achieve victory

58
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

When acts of aggression are conducted where the primary goal is to inflict harm or injury apon an opponent purely for the sake of it

59
Q

Give an example of hostile aggression

A

If a player is repetitively fouled or verbally abused they may retaliate with aggression as a result

60
Q

What is relational aggression?

A

The use of spreading negative rumors or ostracizing someone socially

61
Q

Give an example of relational aggression

A

Creating a group chat without one member of the team, and spreading hate about that player with other teammates

62
Q

What is self-confidence?

A

The belief that you can perform a desired behavior

63
Q

What is the relationship between self-confidence and performance?

A

As SC increases so does performance, up until SC level matches the demands of the task. Any further increases in SC will cause decrements in performance

64
Q

What does over-confidence usually lead to?

A

Complacency, where an individual or team feel that their ability is so great that they don’t need to put in any effort to succeed

This will lead to a decrease in performance level

65
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy is an individual’s expectations of success in a specific situation
(state specific self-confidence)

66
Q

What is the relationship between high levels of self-efficacy and performance?

A

High levels of self-efficacy will lead to a higher level of performance, as the individual will show increased willingness to compete as a result of their “confidence”

67
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Self-esteem is a description of what we think of ourselves or our self-worth

68
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A description of yourself across the different roles that you have in life

69
Q

What 3 things make up self-concept?

A

Physical Self
-Skills, abilities and physical appearance

Social Self
-Relationships with family and friends

Academic Self
-How good you think you are at a range of subjects

70
Q

What is the impact of an individual having low self-esteem?

A

Creates lower self-confidence and more state anxiety
These 2 factors will decrease their chances of success

71
Q

What are the 2 types of mindsets?

A

Fixed and growth

72
Q

What is a fixed mindset?

A

Encompasses the belief that performance is due to the amount of talent or ability that an individual possesses

73
Q

What is a growth mindset?

A

Encompasses the belief that performance is the result of practice and hard work rather than talent

74
Q

What is resilience?

A

An internal force that helps an individual overcome adversity

75
Q

What can adversity cause?

A

It can cause a production of stress and anxiety, and the development of a negative mindset

76
Q

What are the 4 main themes of overcoming adversity?

A

1) Coping strategies
2) Focus on positive outcomes
3) Identification of personal coping resources
4) Social influences to support coping strategies

77
Q

What is perfectionism?

A

When an individual seeks for a perfect performance rather than just winning

78
Q

What are the 2 types of perfectionism?

A

Functional and dysfunctional

79
Q

What is functional perfectionism?

A

Positive in nature

Will result in high personal standards, a desire for organisation and will be persistent in working towards their goals

80
Q

What is dysfunctional perfectionism?

A

Negative in nature

A dysfunctional perfectionist will be concerned about the mistakes they make, parental expectations and parental criticism. Will have self doubts about their actions and think others have high expectations for them

81
Q

How can dysfunctional perfectionism be managed?

A

The athlete needs to break the link between their performance and their self-worth, and reduce the irrational sense of importance that they place on being successful

82
Q

What is group processes?

A

How a group of people work together to achieve a goal

83
Q

What is an interactive team?

A

Those who’s success is dependent on the members working closely together

84
Q

What is a coactive team?

A

Those where the members are performing the same skills at the same time together

85
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The willingness of team members to work together and stick together

86
Q

The forces causing people to be cohesive covers what 2 areas?

A

1) The attractiveness of the group to individual members
2) The extent to which members are willing to work together to achieve group goals

87
Q

What is task cohesion?

A

The willingness of a team to work together to achieve its goals

88
Q

What is social cohesion?

A

Refers to the extent that the members of the team like each other and want to socialise together

89
Q

What is the relationship between cohesion and performance?

A

Depends on the sport being played, but more cohesion will lead to an increased chance of success

90
Q

What is more important in a successful sport team, task or social cohesion?

A

Task cohesion is more important than social cohesion

91
Q

What is leadership?

A

The process of influencing teams and individuals towards achieving their goals

92
Q

What are the 4 types of leaders?

A

Emergent and prescribed

Autocratic and democratic

93
Q

What are prescribed leaders?

A

Leaders that are appointed by a person in authority

94
Q

What are emergent leaders?

A

Leaders that emerge from a group and take over responsibility

95
Q

What is an autocratic leader?

A

A leader who retains the power and makes all the decisions

96
Q

What is a democratic leader?

A

A leader who allows the members of the group to have a say in the decision making process

97
Q
A

Unit 3 - Sport Pyschology (16 decks)

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