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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > Monomers vs. Polymers & Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Monomers vs. Polymers & Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

98% of living matter on Earth is comprised of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur **CHNOPS**

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Chains of carbon and hydrogen.

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3
Q

What are functional groups?

A

groups that are added to long chains of carbons and give the molecules certain chemical properties

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4
Q

What is Hydroxl and where is it found

A

-OH Found in Alcohols (ethanol)

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5
Q

What is Carboxyl and where is it found

A

-COOH Found in acids (vinegar)

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6
Q

What is Amino and where is it found

A

-NH2 Found in Bases (Ammonia)

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7
Q

What is Phosphate and where is it found

A

-PO4 Found in ATP

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8
Q

What is carbonyl and where is it found

A
  • COH Found in Aldehydes (formaldehyde) or
  • CO- Found in Ketones (acetone)
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9
Q

What is bonding capacity?

A

the specific number of bonds that elements like to form.

Carbon always forms 4 bonds

Hydrogen forms 1 bond

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10
Q

What are macromolecules (polymers)?

A

large molecules composed of a large number of repeating subunits (monomers)

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11
Q

What are the 4 major categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrate (starch)

Lipid (triacylglycerol)

Protein (enzyme)

Nucleic Acid (DNA)

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12
Q

What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecule - Carbohydrate?

A

Simple sugar (glucose)

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13
Q

What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecules (polymers) - Lipid

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecules (polymers) - Protein

A

Amino Acids

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15
Q

What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecules (polymers) - Nucleic Acid

A

DNA or RNA

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16
Q

What is polymerization?

A

the process of the combination of monomers

also called - dehydration or synthesis or condensation

17
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

a reaction that removes H from one monomer and OH from another monomer to form a larger polymer molecule (creates a water molecule)

18
Q

The reaction that creates polymers from monomers _________ (REQUIRES/RELEASES) energy.

A

Requires - Energy is absorbed

19
Q

In the case of starch, plants use the energy absorbed from ___________ to build the complex starch molecule

A

photosynthesis

20
Q

What does metabolism refer to?

A

the processes of building and breaking down molecules inside our bodies.

21
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

the building of molecules

22
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the breaking down of molecules.

23
Q

The reaction that breaks down polymers into smaller subunits (monomers) _________(REQUIRES/RELEASES) energy

A

Releases

24
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

the reaction that adds water to the molecule (breaking it up in the process)

polymer to monomer

25
Q

Metabolism occurs in our bodies with the help of important proteins called ________

A

enzymes

26
Q

Enzymes require a very specific _____ to function

A

pH

27
Q

Which elements do carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

28
Q

The majority of the energy used by our body is obtained through the catabolism of _________

A

carbohydrates

29
Q

A monomer of a carbohydrate is called a __________

A

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

30
Q

2 monosaccharides joined together form a __________

A

disaccharide (2 glucose = maltose)

31
Q

more than 2 monosaccharides joined together are called __________

A

polysaccharides (ex. starch)

starch can contain 300-1000 glucose molecules joined together.

32
Q

Characteristics of starch (polysaccharide)

A

energy storage (glucose) in plants

relatively straight chain of glucose molecules

provides a reserve of glucose molecules to produce energy

33
Q

Characteristics of Glycogen (Polysaccharide)

A

Energy storage in animals

highly branched polymer of glucose molecules

liver and muscle store glycogen

insulin promotes the storage of glycogen in the liver

provides a reserve of glucose molecules to produce energy (ATP)

34
Q

Characteristics of Cellulose (Polysaccharide)

A

Forms cell wall of plants

used for strength, not a food store

cannot be digested by mammals - called fiber

ruminants have the enzymes in their stomach to break down cellulose

rabbits have the necessary bacteria in their large intestine to breakdown cellulose

35
Q

terms used to describe the breaking down of molecules

A

catabolism and hydrolysis

36
Q

terms used to describe the building of molecules

A

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (27 decks)

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