Monomers vs. Polymers & Carbohydrates Flashcards
98% of living matter on Earth is comprised of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur **CHNOPS**
What are hydrocarbons?
Chains of carbon and hydrogen.
What are functional groups?
groups that are added to long chains of carbons and give the molecules certain chemical properties
What is Hydroxl and where is it found
-OH Found in Alcohols (ethanol)
What is Carboxyl and where is it found
-COOH Found in acids (vinegar)
What is Amino and where is it found
-NH2 Found in Bases (Ammonia)
What is Phosphate and where is it found
-PO4 Found in ATP
What is carbonyl and where is it found
- COH Found in Aldehydes (formaldehyde) or
- CO- Found in Ketones (acetone)
What is bonding capacity?
the specific number of bonds that elements like to form.
Carbon always forms 4 bonds
Hydrogen forms 1 bond
What are macromolecules (polymers)?
large molecules composed of a large number of repeating subunits (monomers)
What are the 4 major categories of macromolecules?
Carbohydrate (starch)
Lipid (triacylglycerol)
Protein (enzyme)
Nucleic Acid (DNA)
What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecule - Carbohydrate?
Simple sugar (glucose)
What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecules (polymers) - Lipid
Glycerol and fatty acids
What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecules (polymers) - Protein
Amino Acids
What are the smaller units (monomers) for the major macromolecules (polymers) - Nucleic Acid
DNA or RNA
What is polymerization?
the process of the combination of monomers
also called - dehydration or synthesis or condensation
What is a condensation reaction?
a reaction that removes H from one monomer and OH from another monomer to form a larger polymer molecule (creates a water molecule)
The reaction that creates polymers from monomers _________ (REQUIRES/RELEASES) energy.
Requires - Energy is absorbed
In the case of starch, plants use the energy absorbed from ___________ to build the complex starch molecule
photosynthesis
What does metabolism refer to?
the processes of building and breaking down molecules inside our bodies.
What is Anabolism?
the building of molecules
What is catabolism?
the breaking down of molecules.
The reaction that breaks down polymers into smaller subunits (monomers) _________(REQUIRES/RELEASES) energy
Releases
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
the reaction that adds water to the molecule (breaking it up in the process)
polymer to monomer
Metabolism occurs in our bodies with the help of important proteins called ________
enzymes
Enzymes require a very specific _____ to function
pH
Which elements do carbohydrates contain
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
The majority of the energy used by our body is obtained through the catabolism of _________
carbohydrates
A monomer of a carbohydrate is called a __________
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
2 monosaccharides joined together form a __________
disaccharide (2 glucose = maltose)
more than 2 monosaccharides joined together are called __________
polysaccharides (ex. starch)
starch can contain 300-1000 glucose molecules joined together.
Characteristics of starch (polysaccharide)
energy storage (glucose) in plants
relatively straight chain of glucose molecules
provides a reserve of glucose molecules to produce energy
Characteristics of Glycogen (Polysaccharide)
Energy storage in animals
highly branched polymer of glucose molecules
liver and muscle store glycogen
insulin promotes the storage of glycogen in the liver
provides a reserve of glucose molecules to produce energy (ATP)
Characteristics of Cellulose (Polysaccharide)
Forms cell wall of plants
used for strength, not a food store
cannot be digested by mammals - called fiber
ruminants have the enzymes in their stomach to break down cellulose
rabbits have the necessary bacteria in their large intestine to breakdown cellulose
terms used to describe the breaking down of molecules
catabolism and hydrolysis
terms used to describe the building of molecules
