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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > Cell Structure II Textbook > Flashcards

Cell Structure II Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What does protoplasm refer to?

A

It is a collective term that references the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

It refers to all the substances within the cell.

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

the region of the protoplasm outside of the nucleus and the location where nutrients are absorbed, transported and processed

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

the edge of the living cell.

composed of a double layer of lipid or fat molecules and embedded proteins.

It provides the cell with a connection to the external environment.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It holds the contents of the cell in place and regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cell.

It also contains receptor sites, which serve as docks for the entry of molecules that affect cell activity.

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5
Q

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

Because it only lets certain things pass through.

Ex. Water & Small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2)

Prevents charged particles (H+, Na+, Cl-, amino acids, glucose) from diffusing through

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6
Q

What are embedded proteins in a cell membrane?

A

Wholly or partially embedded proteins within the phospholipid bilayer.

Form protein pores to allow small charged ions and large polar molecules to diffuse in/out of the cell

Act as pumps - actively transporting molecules (requires energy - ATP)

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7
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Carbohydrates attached to a phospholipid

Serve in cell recognition (antigens) and receptor (docking) sites on the cell membrane

Only found on the cell membrane

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8
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Carbohydrates attached to an embedded protein

Serve in cell recognition (antigens) and receptor (docking) sites on the cell membrane

Only found on the cell membrane

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9
Q

How is cholesterol used in the cell membrane?

A

it helps maintain the structure and fluidity of the membrane

The cholesterol molecules disturb the close packing of the phospholipids

Reduces permeability to some solutes

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10
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is the control center of the cell.

Controls metabolic functioning of the cell & determines the cell’s characteristics.

It contains chromatin – DNA & proteins – of the cell

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11
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

it is the membrane that encloses the nucleus

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12
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

An opening in the nuclear envelope to allow large molecules to pass from the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells that have a true nuclear membrane are referred to as eukaryotic cells.

  • Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic
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14
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells that lack a nuclear envelope.

Bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotic cells They are the oldest known forms of life.

The hereditary material in prokaryotic cells is spread throughout the nucleus.

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15
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

Threadlike structures of DNA that contain genes.

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16
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

The genetic material of a cell

Made of DNA and Proteins

During cell division, chromatin condenses to form the chromosomes.

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17
Q

What are genes?

A

units of instruction that determine the specific traits of an individual.

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18
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A small spherical structure located inside the nucleus.

The entire function of the nucleolus is not known but scientists believe that it is involved with the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm.

Specialized area of chromatin that produces rRNA which is a component of ribosomes

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19
Q

What are organelles?

A

Tiny structures within the cytoplasm of cells that carry out various functions to maintain the life process of a cell.

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20
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

One of the largest organelles within the cytoplasm.

They provide the cells with energy

Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell.

They are the centers of cell respiration.

21
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

One of the smallest of a cell’s organelles

They are the most numerous organelles within the cell.

Site of protein synthesis

Found attached to rough ER or free-floating in the cytoplasm.

22
Q

What do attached ribosomes do?

A

Produce proteins for export (exocytosis) out of the cell

23
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

produce proteins to be used inside the cell

24
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A series of canals that carry materials throughout the cytoplasm.

Composed of parallel membranes.

Rough ER - has ribosomes attached to the surface, acts as transport of polypeptides through the cell

Rough ER - Where protein folding occurs

Smooth ER - Does not have ribosomes attached - acts as a transport (like rough ER)

Smooth ER - Contains enzymes to detoxify drugs and alcohol and to synthesize lipids.

25
What does detoxify mean?
To inactivate potentially harmful drugs by converting them to water-soluble compounds that can be eliminated from the body in urine.
26
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Looks like a stack of pancakes. Receives transport vesicles from the ER Protein molecules are packaged and stored inside the golgi apparatus Eventually, the pancakes filled with proteins move toward the cell membrane Once the golgi apparatus attaches itself to the cell membrane, small packets, called vesicles, are released
27
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Sorting and repackaging center packages proteins into secretory vesicles to protein can be secreted out of the cell through exocytosis Modifies polypeptides (adds glycogen/sugar chains to protein) Produces lysosomes
28
What are vacuoles?
fluid-filled spaces that store sugars, minerals, and proteins in the cytoplasm of the cell.
29
What are vesicles?
Small vacuoles that can be made at the ER, the Golgi Apparatus, or from the folding of the cell membrane as in endocytosis
30
What types of vesicles are there?
Transport Vesicles - Made at ER and transport polypeptides to the Golgi Apparatus Secretory Vesicles - Made at the Golgi Apparatus and transport product to the cell membrane for secretion out of the cell by exocytosis.
31
What are lysosomes?
Saclike structures that break down large molecules. They are formed by the golgi apparatus. Chemicals from the lysosome can digest the cell that houses them - often called suicide cells An important part of the human body's defense mechanism. Special type of vesicle
32
What is pinocytosis?
A type of endocytosis (active transport - requires ATP) A method of endocytosis where small particles that are suspended in extracellular fluid (outside the cell) are brought inside the cell by the folding of the cell membrane resulting in a suspension of the particles in a small vesicle Called Cell Drinking
33
What is phagocytosis?
A type of endocytosis (requires ATP) where the cell engulfs a larger particle giving rise to a phagosome where enzymes then digest the contents Called cell eating
34
Describe the intracellular transport of proteins
Proteins synthesized in ribosome packaged in the rough ER for transport Protein is transported via transport vesicle to the Golgi Apparatus Protein is modified in the Golgi Apparatus THEN 1) Protein is transported via secretory vesicle to the cell membrane for secretion OR 2) Protein is exported to a lysosome where it is digested and the wasted is stored in the vacuole
35
What is Flagella?
A whip like tail used for motility (movement) Found in sperm - the tail is a flagella
36
What is Cilia?
Tiny hairs that project from the cell membrane Used mainly as sweepers in the human body found in the trachea and bronchi (airways) to sweep out debris before it can reach the lungs
37
What is the cytoskeleton?
A cellular scaffold or skeleton contained within the cytoplasm - made out of proteins Maintains the shape of the cell, protects the cell, enables cellular movement, and plays a role in intracellular transport
38
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the molecules are equally distributed.
39
How does a cell increase its surface area?
it folds or divides once it gets too big
40
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water, the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a differentially permeable membrane
41
What factors affect diffusion?
1) Increased temperature increases kinetic molecular motion and so increases the rate of diffusion 2) Smaller molecule will diffuse more quickly 3) increasing the concentration gradient will increase the rate of diffusion.
42
What is osmotic pressure?
the pressure generated by osmotic flow of water. eg. keeps plants from wilting
43
What is passive transport?
No Energy (ATP) is required **2 types** Diffusion (osmosis) Facilitated Transport
44
What is facilitated transport?
Diffusion of large polar molecules (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) and ions through carrier proteins (protein pore or protein channel)
45
What is active transport?
Energy (ATP) is required may move substances against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
46
What is a Na+/K+ pump?
A form of active transport - requires ATP and a carrier protein pumps Na+ and K+ into and out of the cell
47
What is exocytosis?
A type of active transport (requires ATP) it is a process where substances are secreted from the cell when the vesicle fuses with the inner side of the cell membrane
48
What is the problem with a small SA:Volume ratio?
If the SA:Volume ratio is too small, then transport across the membrane can't keep up (food in / waste out)

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (27 decks)

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