Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

What do vacuoles do?

Answer 1

Store materials and water in the animal cell

Question 2

What are Golgi Bodies in Animal Cells and what do they do?

Answer 2

A series of stacked disk-shaped sacs.

Repackaging centre - stores modifies and packages proteins for transport

Produce lysosomes.

Question 3

What is the function of a nuclear pore?

Answer 3

Allows materials into the nucleus, allows mRNA to leave.

Question 4

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 4

specialized are of chromatin which produces rRNA (ribosomal RNA) which is a component of ribosomes.

Question 5

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 5

site of protein synthesis

Made up of ribosomal RNA and protein. - They are not enclosed in a membrane

Question 6

Where are ribosomes located?

Answer 6

found attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or free floating in the cytoplasm

Question 7

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for?

Answer 7

It is where steroids hormones and some carbohydrates are synthesized.

Contains enzymes to detoxify drugs and alcohol (liver cells) and to synthesis lipids like steroid hormones.

There is NO ribosomes on it’s surface.

Question 8

What is the mitochondrion for?

Answer 8

it is the site of many chemical reactions involved in energy (ATP) production

referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Question 9

What do the free floating ribosomes do?

Answer 9

The site of protein synthesis

Question 10

What does the nucleus do?

Answer 10

Control center of the cell - controls metabolic functioning of the cell & determines the cell’s characteristics

contains chromosomes coiled together as chromatin - DNA and proteins.

Contains DNA and RNA

Question 11

What does the Lysosome do?

Answer 11

It contains the hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion and cell destruction

1. Attach to vacuoles and release hydrolytic enzymes to digest contents of the vacuole
2. Suicide bags - release enzymes to destroy cell (Cell suicide)

Question 12

Where do lysosomes come from in the cell?

Answer 12

They are pinched off from the golgi body

Question 13

What is Chromatin?

Answer 13

The genetic material of the cell - Made of DNA and proteins

Question 14

What is the function of the embedded proteins in the cell wall?

Answer 14

They are the carrier proteins

Form protein pores that allow small charges ions and large polar molecules to diffuse in/out of the cell.

Act as “pumps” actively transporting molecules in/out of the cell.

Question 15

What does cholesterol do?

Answer 15

helps maintain structure and fluidity of the cell membrane

Question 16

What are Glycoproteins and what do they do?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates attached to embedded proteins in the cell wall

Serve in cell recognition (antigens) and receptor (docking) sites on cell membrane

Question 17

What are polysomes?

Answer 17

A group of ribosomes that translates (reads) a mRNA during protein synthesis.

Question 18

What does it mean to detoxify?

Answer 18

inactivate potentially harmful drugs (including alcohol) by converting them to water-soluble compounds that can be eliminated from the body in urine.

Question 19

What are vesicles?

Answer 19

small vacuoles that can be made at the ER, Golgi apparatus or from the folding of the cell membrane.

There are 2 types:

Transport vesicles

Secretory vesicles

Question 20

What do transport vesicles do?

Answer 20

made at the ER and transport polypeptides to the Golgi Apparatus

Question 21

What do Secretory vesicles do?

Answer 21

made at the golgi apparatus and transport product to cell membrane for secretion out of the cell by exocytosis

Question 22

What are cilia?

Answer 22

tiny hairs that project from the cell membrane

used mainly as sweepers in the human body

found in the trachea and bronchi (airways) to sweep out debris before it can reach the lungs

also found in the fallopian tubes in females to sweep the egg towards the uterus

Question 23

What is flagella?

Answer 23

a whip like tail used for motility (movement)

human sperm cell structures - the tail is also called a flagella

Question 24

What is cytoskeleton?

Answer 24

a cellular scaffold or skeleton contained within the cytoplasm - made out of proteins

Maintains cell shape, protects the cell, enables cellular movement and plays important roles in intracellular transport

Question 25

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 25

Produces polypeptides by reading mRNA in the process called translation.

Question 26

Where can proteins end up?

Answer 26

secreted out

kept inside the cell

integrated into the cell membrane

Question 27

What is the protein secretion pathway?

Answer 27

1 - Ribosomes make polypeptides

2 - Rough ER folds the polypeptides and acts to transport the polypeptides

3 - Transport vesicles carry the polypeptides to the Golgi Body

4 - Golgi further modifies the polypeptides (ex. Carbohydrate to protein)

5 - Secretory vesicles carry the protein to the cell membrane where it is excreted (in a process called exocytosis)

Question 28

What is the problem with a small SA:Volume ratio?

Answer 28

If the SA:Volume ratio is too small then transport across the membrane can’t keep up.

Question 29

If the SA:Volume ratio is too small what do the cells do?

Answer 29

Divide - Or in the case of certain organelles, fold their membrane.

Question 30

What is passive transport?

Answer 30

It occurs when no energy (ATP) is required to get molecules in/out of the cell.

(Ex. Diffusion, Osmosis)

Question 31

What is active transport?

Answer 31

It occurs when energy (ATP) is required to get molecules in/out of the cell.

Question 32

What are some examples of active transport?

Answer 32

sodium/potassium pump, exocytosis and endocytosis

Question 33

What is endocytosis?

Answer 33

A cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.

It uses the cell membrane to form a vesicle

It requires energy