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BMSC 230 #2 > module 9- Fatty acid synthesis > Flashcards

module 9- Fatty acid synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

location of fatty acid synthesis

A

cytosol

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2
Q

ATP-citrate lyase

A

cleaves citrate into acetyl CoA & oxaloacetate

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3
Q

what enzyme catalyzes acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate

A

citrate synthase

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4
Q

oxaloacetate is reduced using?

A

NADH

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5
Q

malic enzyme

A

malate -> pyruvate

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6
Q

pyruvate fate

A

back to mitochondria to make more acetyl CoA

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7
Q

how is acetyl CoA activated

A

by converting it to malonyl CoA

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8
Q

acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

acetyl CoA -> Malonyl CoA

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9
Q

what enzyme contains biotin group

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase

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10
Q

palmitate

A

16 carbon saturated fatty acid, synthesized via 4 reactions

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11
Q

fatty acid synthase complex

A

large enzyme system that synthesizes fatty acids

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12
Q

fatty acid synthase complex in plants vs yeast vs vertebraes

A

plants- made of individual proteins
yeast- made of 2 polypeptides
vertebrates- made of 1 polypeptide

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13
Q

acyl carrier protein (ACP)

A

has phosphoantetheine group, acts as an arm to synthesize palmitate

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14
Q

odd chain fatty acids begin with ( ) and even chain ( )

A

propionate, accetyl CoA

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15
Q

4 steps of FA synthesis & their enzymes

A

1) condensation- B-ketoacyl synthase
2) reduction- b-ketoacyl reductase
3) dehydration- 3-hydroxyacyl dehydratase
4) reduction- enoyl reductase

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16
Q

in order to complete the synthesis of a free fatty acid, ( ) must be released from ACP

A

palmitate

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17
Q

what enzyme produces palmitate at the last step of FA synthesis

A

thioesterase

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18
Q

how many molecules of NADPH are required for 1 FA synthesized?

A

14

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19
Q

for every acetyl CoA brought into the cytosol, ( ) molecule of NADPH is also produced

A

1

20
Q

how many molecules of acetyl CoA & NADPH to make palmitate

A

8, 8

21
Q

where do the other 6 molecules of NADPH for palmitate synthesis come from?

A

pentose phosphate pathway

22
Q

T or F: tumors high have need for FA

A

T

23
Q

what enzyme can be used to inhibit tumors

A

B-ketoacyl ACP synthase

24
Q

longer fatty acids are made by adding ( ) carbon-units to the carboxyl end using ( ) as the substrate

A

2, malonyl CoA

25
Q

2 essential FA names

A

linoleate- 6
linolenate - 3

26
Q

eicosanoids

A

local hormone signalling

27
Q

how does aspirin work

A

promotes addition of an acetyl group to an amino acid in active site = inhibits enzymes

28
Q

what is the regulator enzyme in FA synthesis

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase

29
Q

when is FA synthesis the highest?

A

lots of carbs, little FA

30
Q

what is the precursor for FA

A

acetyl CoA

31
Q

how is acetyl CoA carboxylase regulated by? (2)

A

allosterically & covalent modifications

32
Q

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

A

phosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase = inhibits it

33
Q

under low conditions, acetyl CoA carboxylase would be ( ) by AMPK & inhibited

A

phosphorylated

34
Q

under high conditions, acetyl CoA carboxylase is ( ) by phosphatase 2A & activated

A

dephosphorylated

35
Q

how is acetyl CoA carboxylase allosterically activated by citrate?

A

high citrate = lots of substrates for FA synthesis

36
Q

what form of acetyl CoA carboxylase is a dimer of identical subunits?

A

inactive form (phosphorylated)

37
Q

T or F: citrate can partially reverse the inhibition caused by phosphorylation of MIG12

A

T

38
Q

what induces polymerization of dimers? what induces depolymerization?

A

citrate, palmitoyl CoA

39
Q

acetyl CoA carboxylase & FA synthesis is stimulated by?

A

insulin

40
Q

when is insulin high?

A

after a meal

41
Q

insulin causes the activity of acetyl CoA to increase by ( ) AMPK & ( ) phosphatase 2A

A

inhibiting, stimulating

42
Q

net shift of acetyl CoA carboxylation

A

most will be in active form

43
Q

glucagon & epinephrine ( ) FA synthesis

A

inhibit

44
Q

desaturation

A

removal of 2 hydrogen atoms with the creation of a double bond

45
Q

FA synthesis takes place in () stages

A

3

46
Q

how many sources provide the required NADPH for FA synthesis

A

2- acetyl CoA transport & pentose phosphate pathway

47
Q

T or F: additional enzymes elongate & desaturate FA

A

T

BMSC 230 #2 (15 decks)

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