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BMSC 230 #2 > module 14- metabolic integration > Flashcards

module 14- metabolic integration Flashcards

1
Q

3 stores of fuel

A

glycogen, triacylglycerol & protein

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2
Q

where are glycogen stores present

A

liver & muscle, 1 day of energy

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3
Q

where are triacylglycerol stores present

A

adipose tissue & liver

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4
Q

where are proteins stored

A

muscle, 20 days of energy

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5
Q

liver function

A

produce fuel from nutrients in blood, act as glucose sensor

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6
Q

FA taken up by the liver can be broken for energy through ( )

A

b-oxidation

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7
Q

what is the major fuel used by the liver to meet its own energy needs

A

FA

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8
Q

T or F: GLUT2 in liver has high Km for glucose

A

T

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9
Q

T or F: glucose uptake in the liver is increased when glucose levels are

A

high

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10
Q

glucokinase

A

hexokinase isoform, only active when glucose levels rise

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11
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase a do in the liver

A

degrades glycogen

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12
Q

muscle energy needs at rest vs exertion

A

rest- FA
exertion- glucose, produces lactate, muscle protein

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13
Q

what is the largest storage compartment

A

adipose tissue

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14
Q

how long can glycogen vs triacylglycerol stores provide energy for

A

glycogen- 24 hours
TAG- several months

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15
Q

where does glycerol-3-P for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue come from

A

glycolysis

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16
Q

what % of glucose does the brain consume?

A

60%

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17
Q

what does the brain use for fuel under normal conditions?

A

glucose, or ketone bodies if sparse

18
Q

why can the brain not use FA as energy?

A

bound to albumin, cannot cross the blood brain barrier

19
Q

what does insulin stimulate? how?

A

glucose uptake into adipose & muscle using translocation

20
Q

how does insulin increase glucose uptake in the liver

A

stimulating glucokinase

21
Q

insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver & muscle by activating ( ) & inhibiting ( )

A

glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase

22
Q

glucagon effect on liver & adipose reflects the role to () blood glucose level so brain has adequate supply

A

increase

23
Q

how does glucagon stimulate FA mobilization

A

stimulating hormone-sensitive lipase

24
Q

what 2 things do glucagon inhibit

A

glycogen synthesis & glycolysis

25
Q

what is the 1 thing insulin inhibits

A

lipolysis

26
Q

what are the 2 things epinephrine inhibits

A

glycolysis in liver & glycogen synthesis

27
Q

3 things that occur during the early phase of starvation

A

insulin drops, glucagon levels rise & gluconeogenesis & glycogen breakdown is stimulated from increase glycogen

28
Q

what 2 things occurs during mid phase starvation

A

muscle protein starts degrading & glucagon stimulates ketone body synthesis in the liver

brain derives 1/3 of its energy from ketone bodies

29
Q

what 3 things occurs during the late phase of starvation

A

adipose tissue provides most of energy, muscle protein degradation slows & ketone body production increases

brain derives 2/3 of energy from ketone bodies

30
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent, birth

31
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin-independent, later in life

32
Q

type 1 diabetes have ( ) blood glucose levels but act body acts like they are ( )

A

high, low

33
Q

starvation in the midst of the plenty

A

type 1

34
Q

lack of glucose uptake in type 1 results in reduction of

A

glycerol-3-P

35
Q

what type of diabetes is ketoacidosis seen with ( ) and what does it do

A

type 1, excess ketone bodies form acetone

36
Q

T or F: diabetes causes increased urination but starvation does not

A

T

37
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

honey sweet urine

38
Q

polydypsia

A

excessive thirst

39
Q

ketogenesis

A

ketone bodies are synthesized in liver from acetyl CoA

40
Q

T or F: liver can convert FA to glucose via gluconeogenesis when blood glucose levels are low

A

F

BMSC 230 #2 (15 decks)

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