module 3- gluconeogenesis

Question 1

primary function of gluconeogenesis in animals

Answer 1

maintaining adequate glucose levels in the blood

Question 2

primary function of gluconeogenesis in plants

Answer 2

use glucose to synthesize starch, cellulose & sucrose

Question 3

where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 3

liver (mostly) and kidney

Question 4

gluconeogenesis pathway

Answer 4

pyruvate into glucose

Question 5

3 precursors of gluconeogenesis

Answer 5

lactate, amino acids & glycerol

Question 6

lactate is converted back to pyruvate by ( ) and enters gluconeogenesis pathway

Answer 6

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 7

amino acids are metabolized into ( )

Answer 7

intermediates

Question 8

glycerol is derived from ( ) and converted into ( )

Answer 8

triacylglycerols, DHAP

Question 9

what enzymes drives pyruvate -> oxaloacetate

Answer 9

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 10

T or F: acetyl CoA is an obligate allosteric activator

Answer 10

T

Question 11

where does pyruvate -> oxaloacetate reaction begin?

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

what enzyme drives fructose 1,6-BP -> fructose 6-P?

Answer 12

fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

Question 13

how is fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase regulated?

Answer 13

allosterically

Question 14

what enzyme drives fructose 6-P -> glucose 6-P?

Answer 14

phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 15

inputs & outputs of gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

inputs- 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH, 2 H, 6 H2O

outputs- 1 glucose, 4 ADP, 2 GDP, 6Pi, 2 NAD

Question 16

glucose & gluconeogenesis are ( ) regulated

Answer 16

reciprocally

Question 17

what pathway is favoured when glucose is abundant?

Answer 17

glycolysis

Question 18

what pathway is favoured when glucose is scare?

Answer 18

gluconeogenesis

Question 19

what is the major regulatory reaction of gluconeogenesis & what enzyme?

Answer 19

fructose 6-P -> fructose 1,6-BP

enzyme: fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

Question 20

what is the major regulatory reaction of glycolysis & what enzyme?

Answer 20

fructose 6-P -> fructose 1,6-BP

enzyme: PFK

Question 21

AMP (inhibits/activates) PFK & stimulates (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis) = fructose 1,6 BP is ( ) and gluconeogenesis is ( )

Answer 21

activates, glycolysis
inhibited, slowed

Question 22

citrate (activates/inhibits) PFK & stimulates (enzyme?) = activation of (gluconeogenesis/glycolysis)

Answer 22

inhibits, PFK, gluconeogenesis

Question 23

pyruvate & PEP interconversion are ( ) regulated

Answer 23

reciprocally

Question 24

increased ADP = ( ) conversion of pyruvate -> PEP = favours (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis) & (ADP/ATP) production

Answer 24

inhibits, glycolysis, ATP

Question 25

allosteric regulator effect is highly dependent on its ( )

Answer 25

concentration

Question 26

T or F: lactate produced by muscles is converted to glucose in the liver via the cori cycle

Answer 26

T

Question 27

fructose 2,6-BP (activates/inhibits ) PFK = (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis) activation = (inhibits/activates) fructose 1,6 BP = (activates/deactivates) gluconeogenesis

Answer 27

activates, glycolysis, inhibits, deactivates

Question 28

low glucagon = ( ) insulin = favours which pathway

Answer 28

increased, glycolysis

Question 29

what pathway is present during starvation

Answer 29

gluconeogenesis

Question 30

what pathway is present in the fed state

Answer 30

glycolysis

Question 31

insulin resistance

Answer 31

excess glucose levels

Question 33

What is the terminal enzyme?

Answer 33

Glucose 6-P

Question 34

increased ATP = what pathway

increased AMP = what pathway

Answer 34

gluconeogenesis, glycolysis

Question 35

increased fructose 2,6 BP = what pathway

Answer 35

glycolysis

Question 36

increased citrate = what pathway

Answer 36

gluconeogenesis

Question 37

increased acetyl CoA = what pathway

Answer 37

gluconeogenesis

Question 38

increased insulin = what pathway

Answer 38

glycolysis

Question 39

increased glucagon = what pathway

Answer 39

gluconeogenesis

Question 40

Main 3 enzymes in gluconeogenesis

Answer 40

pyruvate decarboxylase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase