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BMSC 230 #2 > module 5- glycogen metabolism > Flashcards

module 5- glycogen metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what enzyme connects glycogen metabolism with PPP, glycolysis & gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose 6-P

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2
Q

T or F: glycogen is a large, branched polymer of glucose

A

T

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3
Q

what is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis?

A

glycogen synthase

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4
Q

2 ways glycogen phosphorylase is regulated?

A

allosterically interactions & reversible phosphorylation

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5
Q

what 2 enzymes signal the need for glycogen breakdown?

A

epinephrine & glucagon

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6
Q

glycogen synthase & glycogen degradation are ( ) regulated?

A

reciprocally

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7
Q

what is glycogenin

A

protein, where glycogen synthase begins

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8
Q

T or F: branched structure increases rate of glycogen synthesis & degradation

A

T

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9
Q

what are the 2 linkages responsible for branching

A

a-1,4 & a-1,6

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10
Q

how many ATP are needed per 1 glucose molecule for glycogen synthesis?

A

2 ATP

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11
Q

how many ATP are produced for every 1 glucose 6-P oxidized during glycogen degradation

A

31

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12
Q

what is the % of storage efficiency of glycogen

A

94%

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13
Q

what is glycogen synthesis pathway called

A

glycogenesis

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14
Q

what type of glucose is used in glycogenesis

A

activated form - called UDP-glucose

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15
Q

UDP-glucose function

A

adds glucose units to glycogen

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16
Q

Is UDP-glucose used in glycogen breakdown?

A

No

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17
Q

what is the glycogen degradation pathway called?

A

glycogenolysis

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18
Q

T or F: glucose itself is not the substrate for glycogenesis but UDP-glucose is used as activated precursors

A

T

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19
Q

mutases function

A

change position of phosphate group

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20
Q

glycogen synthesis converts….

A

glucose -> glycogen

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21
Q

glycogen degradation converts…

A

glycogen -> glucose

22
Q

where is glucose added to the glucose chain & what type of bond does it form?

A

adds to terminal glucose (C4) to form a-1,4 glycosidic bond

23
Q

how does a glycogen molecule get started?

A

glycogenin acts as both catalyst & substrate

oligiosacchardie is primer

24
Q

what enzyme catalyzes formation of a-1,6 bond?

A

the branching enzyme

25
Q

how many residues apart between a-1,6 bonds?

A

8-12

26
Q

how many glucose units can 1 glycogen have?

A

30,000

27
Q

what enzyme extends both non-reducing ends followed by more branching?

A

glycogen synthase

28
Q

what is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthase

29
Q

what enzyme is a strong allosteric activator of glycogen synthase

A

glucose 6-P

30
Q

phosphorylase A is ( ) form and is ( )

A

active, phosphorylated

31
Q

phosphorylase B is ( ) form and is ( )

A

inactive, dephosphorylated

32
Q

main enzyme that degrades glycogen

A

glycogen phosphorylase

33
Q

glycogen synthase is active in ( ) form and phosphorylase is active in ( )

A

unphosphorylated, phosphorylated

34
Q

what enzyme interconverts glucose 6-P and glucose 1-P

A

phosphoglucomutase

35
Q

T or F: glycogen phosphorylase can only cleave a-1,4 bonds

A

T

36
Q

T or F: the debranching enzyme releases free glucose

A

T

37
Q

products of the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase

A

glucose 1-P & glycogen molecule that is 1 glucose molecule shorter

38
Q

fates of glucose 6-P in the liver vs muscle

A

liver- free glucose is produced & enters blood

muscle- used by muscles to metabolize energy

39
Q

glycogen storage depletes in ( ) during exercise

A

1 hour

40
Q

what is glycogen supercompensation

A

glycogen amounts are doubled

41
Q

what tissue/organ is glycogen phosphorylase b sensitive to allosteric modifiers in?

A

muscle

42
Q

when is epinephrine secreted? vs when is glucagon secreted?

A

E-when quick energy burst is needed

G- secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood sugar

43
Q

glycogen storage diseases is caused by?

A

lack of glucose 6-P = unable to release glucose = build up

44
Q

when you eat, glucose levels ( ) which causes insulin ( ) and be stored as glycogen

A

increase, release

45
Q

T or F: glycogen synthase & glycogen phosphorylase are both regulated by cAMP signalling system

A

T

46
Q

What enzyme converts glycogen phosphorylase A to B

A

Phosphatase

47
Q

What enzyme converts glycogen phosphorylase B to A

A

Kinase

48
Q

6 steps of regulatory cascade

A
  1. Binding of hormone to receptor
  2. Adenylate cyclase activated
  3. cAMP production increases
  4. PKA activation
  5. Glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylase
  6. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
49
Q

Phosphorylase & glycogen synthase become phosphorylated in response to

A

Glucagon or epinephrine

50
Q

What metabolic pathway does PP1 inhibit?

A

Glycogenolysis (degradation)

51
Q

Insulin binds to receptor and causes what

A

Phosphorylation of 2nd messenger

BMSC 230 #2 (15 decks)

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