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1020 Human Physiology > Module 9 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Module 9 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of Blood Vessels

A
  • Large arteries
  • Smaller arteries
  • Small arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Small venules
  • Large venules
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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Right side of heart sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Blood vessels continuously branch into small vessels
  • Blood vessels become capillaries
  • Oxygenated blood enters venules & progressively larger veins
  • Returns to left side of heart
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3
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
  • Left ventricle through aorta to arteries to smaller arterioles to capillaries
  • Deoxygenated blood enters venules & progressively larger veins
  • return to right side of heart
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4
Q

Total Blood Volume (TBV)

A
  • 70% in veins
  • 10% in arteries
  • 15% in heart & lungs
  • 5% in capillaries
  • TBV = 5L
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5
Q

Arteries

A
  • Large proportion of elastic tissue
  • Withstand & absorb large pulsatile pressure heart contractions
  • Transport blood away from heart
  • Highest blood pressure
  • Low cross-sectional area
  • Increased blood flow (velocity)
  • Rapidly distribute blood throughout body
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6
Q

Veins

A
  • Contain valves to ensure 1 direction blood flow
  • Thin walls
  • Return blood back to heart via vessel constriction
  • Some smooth muscle & little elastic tissue
  • Flexible & distensible
  • Low blood pressure & cross-sectional area
  • Increased velocity
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7
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Constrict or dilate
  • Redirect blood to & from organs
  • Low blood pressure & velocity
  • High cross-sectional area
  • Increased resistance in circulation
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8
Q

Venules

A
  • No smooth muscle & elastic tissue
  • Low blood pressure & cross-sectional area
  • Return blood to veins
  • Increased velocity
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9
Q

Resistance

A
  • Blood dragging along vessel walls
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10
Q

Blood Flow Equation

A
  • Blood flow = (p1-p2)/Resistance
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11
Q

Laminar Flow

A
  • Slowest at edges & faster in center
  • Thin layers of flow carried across vessel
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12
Q

Altering Blood Flow

A
  • pressure gradient
  • blood vessel radius
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13
Q

Factors of Resistance

A
  • Thickness & viscosity of fluid
  • Length of vessel
  • Diameter (radius) of vessel
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14
Q

Thickness/Fluid Viscosity

A
  • Thicker fluid = higher resistance
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15
Q

Length of Vessel

A
  • Longer = high resistance
  • Length of blood vessels relatively constant
  • Not a major factor
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16
Q

Diameter (radius) of Vessel

A
  • Smaller = more resistance
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17
Q

Resistance Equations

A
  • R = 1/r4
  • R = (length of vessel x viscosity of fluid)/radius4
  • Blood flow = (p1-p2)/R = (p1-p2) x r4
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18
Q

Application of Blood Flow

A
  • Needs for oxygen & nutrients
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19
Q

Exercise and Blood Flow

A
  • Supplies muscle with oxygen & nutrients
  • Removes carbon dioxide
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20
Q

Eating and Blood Flow

A
  • Supplies intestine
  • Aid with digestion
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21
Q

Diverting Blood

A
  • Achieved by altering radius of arterioles
  • Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
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22
Q

Artery & Vein Wall Layers

A
  • Tunica externa
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica interna
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23
Q

Tunica Externa

A
  • Outermost layer
  • Composed of fibrous connective tissue
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24
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • Middle layer
  • Composed of smooth muscle & elastic tissue
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25
Q

Tunica Interna

A
  • innermost layer
  • Composed of endothelial cells
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26
Q

Movement Within Capillaries

A
  • Very thin endothelial cell
  • Presence of clefts & fenestrations (allowing water & dissolved solute movement)
  • Occurs by diffusion, filtration & reabsorption
27
Q

Capillary Diffusion

A
  • Random movement of solute down concentration gradient
28
Q

Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide Diffusion within Capillary

A
  • Lipid soluble
  • Diffuse through capillary endothelium
29
Q

Oxygen & Nutrients Diffusion within Capillary

A
  • High concentration in blood
  • Diffuse into interstitial fluid
30
Q

Carbon Dioxide & Waste Diffusion within Capillary

A
  • Diffuse into blood
  • High concentration in tissue
31
Q

Capillary Filtration

A
  • Fluid moves from capillary out into interstitial space
32
Q

Capillary Reabsorption

A
  • Movement of fluid from interstitial space back into capillary
33
Q

Stirling Forces

A
  • Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
  • Interstitial-fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif)
  • Osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (πp)
  • Osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (πif)
34
Q

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (Pc)

A
  • Pressure on fluid force it out against capillary walls
  • Filtration
  • 35mmHg at atrial end & 15mmHg at venous end
35
Q

Interstitial-Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (Pif)

A
  • Pressure from fluid in interstitial compartment pushing back on capillary
  • Reabsorption
  • Pressure varies from -6mmHg to +6mmHg
36
Q

Osmotic Force due to Plasma Protein Concentration (πp)

A
  • Draws fluid back into capillary
  • Reabsorption
  • High protein content = high force
  • 28mmHg
37
Q

Osmotic Force due to Interstitial Fluid Protein Concentration (πif)

A
  • Pull fluid out of capillary
  • Filtration
  • Low protein = low force
  • 3mmHg
38
Q

Net Filtration

A
  • Determines net fluid movement
39
Q

Net Filtration Pressure Equation

A
  • NFP = (Pc - Pif) – (πp – πif)
40
Q

Positive Net Filtration Pressure

A
  • Fluid moves out of capillary
  • Into interstitial space
41
Q

Negative Net Filtration Pressure

A
  • Fluid is reabsorbed into capillary
42
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • System of vessels
  • Returns excess fluid & substances from interstitial space into circulation
  • Consists of small blind-ended capillaries (fluid passes through openings)
  • Return fluid to larger collecting vesicles that pass-through lymph nodes
43
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • Filter & screen fluid for foreign particles
  • Send them back to venous circulation through collecting ducts
44
Q

Edma

A
  • Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space causing swelling
  • Normal circumstances edma does not occur as lymphatic system removes excess fluid
45
Q

Edma Circumstances

A
  • High blood pressure causes increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Decrease in plasma osmotic force
  • Blockage/disruption of limbic system
46
Q

Tissue in Blood Flow

A
  • Control through autoregulation
47
Q

Capillary Beds in Blood Flow

A
  • Maintain constant flow when moderate changes occur in blood pressure
48
Q

Myogenic Theory

A
  • Change in blood flow from contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall
  • drop in pressure = vasodilation
  • contraction of smooth muscle = vasoconstriction
49
Q

Metabolic Theory

A
  • Changing metabolic activity of organ changes blood flow to organ
  • Produces heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, adenosine
  • Causes vasodilation
  • Increases blood flow to active tissue
50
Q

Humoral Regulation

A
  • Regulation of blood flow by circulation of chemical substances
  • Vasoconstrictors & vasodilators
  • Release of epinephrine binds to different receptors in different organs
51
Q

Vasoconstricting Hormones

A
  • Angiotensin II (Ang II) powerful in renal system
  • Vasopressin (ADH) hormone in renal system
52
Q

Vasodilating Hormones

A
  • Kinins family of hormones formed in plasma & tissue
  • Histamine released from damage cells
  • Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) produced by atrial muscle cells
53
Q

ANS Control

A
  • Regulate blood flow by innervating smooth muscle in atrial walls
54
Q

Vasoconstricting Function

A
  • Contracting smooth muscle
  • Resistance increase
  • Decreasing blood flow
55
Q

Vasodilating Function

A
  • Relaxing smooth muscle
  • Resistance decrease
  • Increasing blood flow
56
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Input

A
  • Vasoconstriction by release of norepinephrine onto smooth muscle of vessel
  • Vasodilation by release of Ach onto vessels in skeletal muscle (redirection of blood)
57
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) Input

A
  • No strong innervation of smooth muscle in vessel
  • Release of Ach producing vasodilation
58
Q

Blood Pressure Equation

A
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
  • Cardiac output (CO)
  • Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
    MAP(BP) = CO x TPR
59
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A
  • Regulate blood pressure by increasing CO or resistance to increase pressure
60
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex Negative Feedback System

A
  • Set point 120/80
  • Control centre, cardiovascular centre
  • Effector, heart & blood vessels
  • Controlled variable, blood pressure
  • Sensor, baroreceptors
61
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • Special stretch receptors
  • Located in wall of aortic arch & carotid sinuses
  • Sensitive to stretching of wall in blood vessels
62
Q

Increase in Blood Pressure

A
  • Stretches vessel walls
  • Baroreceptors send action potential to cardio regulatory & vasomotor centres
  • Centres work to return blood pressure to normal (change HR, force of contraction & diameter of vessels)
63
Q

Cardioregulatory Centre

A
  • Activates PSNS
  • Deactivates SNS
  • Drop in HR & force of contraction
  • Decrease stroke volume & cardiac output
64
Q

Vasomotor Centre

A
  • Vasodilation of most blood cells
  • Decrease in peripheral resistance

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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