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1020 Human Physiology > Module 9 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Module 9 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of Blood Vessels

A
  • Large arteries
  • Smaller arteries
  • Small arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Small venules
  • Large venules
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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Right side of heart sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Blood vessels continuously branch into small vessels
  • Blood vessels become capillaries
  • Oxygenated blood enters venules & progressively larger veins
  • Returns to left side of heart
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3
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • Left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
  • Left ventricle through aorta to arteries to smaller arterioles to capillaries
  • Deoxygenated blood enters venules & progressively larger veins
  • return to right side of heart
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4
Q

Total Blood Volume (TBV)

A
  • 70% in veins
  • 10% in arteries
  • 15% in heart & lungs
  • 5% in capillaries
  • TBV = 5L
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5
Q

Arteries

A
  • Large proportion of elastic tissue
  • Withstand & absorb large pulsatile pressure heart contractions
  • Transport blood away from heart
  • Highest blood pressure
  • Low cross-sectional area
  • Increased blood flow (velocity)
  • Rapidly distribute blood throughout body
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6
Q

Veins

A
  • Contain valves to ensure 1 direction blood flow
  • Thin walls
  • Return blood back to heart via vessel constriction
  • Some smooth muscle & little elastic tissue
  • Flexible & distensible
  • Low blood pressure & cross-sectional area
  • Increased velocity
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7
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Constrict or dilate
  • Redirect blood to & from organs
  • Low blood pressure & velocity
  • High cross-sectional area
  • Increased resistance in circulation
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8
Q

Venules

A
  • No smooth muscle & elastic tissue
  • Low blood pressure & cross-sectional area
  • Return blood to veins
  • Increased velocity
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9
Q

Resistance

A
  • Blood dragging along vessel walls
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10
Q

Blood Flow Equation

A
  • Blood flow = (p1-p2)/Resistance
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11
Q

Laminar Flow

A
  • Slowest at edges & faster in center
  • Thin layers of flow carried across vessel
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12
Q

Altering Blood Flow

A
  • pressure gradient
  • blood vessel radius
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13
Q

Factors of Resistance

A
  • Thickness & viscosity of fluid
  • Length of vessel
  • Diameter (radius) of vessel
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14
Q

Thickness/Fluid Viscosity

A
  • Thicker fluid = higher resistance
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15
Q

Length of Vessel

A
  • Longer = high resistance
  • Length of blood vessels relatively constant
  • Not a major factor
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16
Q

Diameter (radius) of Vessel

A
  • Smaller = more resistance
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17
Q

Resistance Equations

A
  • R = 1/r4
  • R = (length of vessel x viscosity of fluid)/radius4
  • Blood flow = (p1-p2)/R = (p1-p2) x r4
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18
Q

Application of Blood Flow

A
  • Needs for oxygen & nutrients
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19
Q

Exercise and Blood Flow

A
  • Supplies muscle with oxygen & nutrients
  • Removes carbon dioxide
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20
Q

Eating and Blood Flow

A
  • Supplies intestine
  • Aid with digestion
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21
Q

Diverting Blood

A
  • Achieved by altering radius of arterioles
  • Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
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22
Q

Artery & Vein Wall Layers

A
  • Tunica externa
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica interna
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23
Q

Tunica Externa

A
  • Outermost layer
  • Composed of fibrous connective tissue
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24
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • Middle layer
  • Composed of smooth muscle & elastic tissue
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25
Tunica Interna
- innermost layer - Composed of endothelial cells
26
Movement Within Capillaries
- Very thin endothelial cell - Presence of clefts & fenestrations (allowing water & dissolved solute movement) - Occurs by diffusion, filtration & reabsorption
27
Capillary Diffusion
- Random movement of solute down concentration gradient
28
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide Diffusion within Capillary
- Lipid soluble - Diffuse through capillary endothelium
29
Oxygen & Nutrients Diffusion within Capillary
- High concentration in blood - Diffuse into interstitial fluid
30
Carbon Dioxide & Waste Diffusion within Capillary
- Diffuse into blood - High concentration in tissue
31
Capillary Filtration
- Fluid moves from capillary out into interstitial space
32
Capillary Reabsorption
- Movement of fluid from interstitial space back into capillary
33
Stirling Forces
- Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) - Interstitial-fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif) - Osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (πp) - Osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (πif)
34
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (Pc)
- Pressure on fluid force it out against capillary walls - Filtration - 35mmHg at atrial end & 15mmHg at venous end
35
Interstitial-Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (Pif)
- Pressure from fluid in interstitial compartment pushing back on capillary - Reabsorption - Pressure varies from -6mmHg to +6mmHg
36
Osmotic Force due to Plasma Protein Concentration (πp)
- Draws fluid back into capillary - Reabsorption - High protein content = high force - 28mmHg
37
Osmotic Force due to Interstitial Fluid Protein Concentration (πif)
- Pull fluid out of capillary - Filtration - Low protein = low force - 3mmHg
38
Net Filtration
- Determines net fluid movement
39
Net Filtration Pressure Equation
- NFP = (Pc - Pif) – (πp – πif)
40
Positive Net Filtration Pressure
- Fluid moves out of capillary - Into interstitial space
41
Negative Net Filtration Pressure
- Fluid is reabsorbed into capillary
42
Lymphatic System
- System of vessels - Returns excess fluid & substances from interstitial space into circulation - Consists of small blind-ended capillaries (fluid passes through openings) - Return fluid to larger collecting vesicles that pass-through lymph nodes
43
Lymph Nodes
- Filter & screen fluid for foreign particles - Send them back to venous circulation through collecting ducts
44
Edma
- Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space causing swelling - Normal circumstances edma does not occur as lymphatic system removes excess fluid
45
Edma Circumstances
- High blood pressure causes increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure - Decrease in plasma osmotic force - Blockage/disruption of limbic system
46
Tissue in Blood Flow
- Control through autoregulation
47
Capillary Beds in Blood Flow
- Maintain constant flow when moderate changes occur in blood pressure
48
Myogenic Theory
- Change in blood flow from contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall - drop in pressure = vasodilation - contraction of smooth muscle = vasoconstriction
49
Metabolic Theory
- Changing metabolic activity of organ changes blood flow to organ - Produces heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, adenosine - Causes vasodilation - Increases blood flow to active tissue
50
Humoral Regulation
- Regulation of blood flow by circulation of chemical substances - Vasoconstrictors & vasodilators - Release of epinephrine binds to different receptors in different organs
51
Vasoconstricting Hormones
- Angiotensin II (Ang II) powerful in renal system - Vasopressin (ADH) hormone in renal system
52
Vasodilating Hormones
- Kinins family of hormones formed in plasma & tissue - Histamine released from damage cells - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) produced by atrial muscle cells
53
ANS Control
- Regulate blood flow by innervating smooth muscle in atrial walls
54
Vasoconstricting Function
- Contracting smooth muscle - Resistance increase - Decreasing blood flow
55
Vasodilating Function
- Relaxing smooth muscle - Resistance decrease - Increasing blood flow
56
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Input
- Vasoconstriction by release of norepinephrine onto smooth muscle of vessel - Vasodilation by release of Ach onto vessels in skeletal muscle (redirection of blood)
57
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) Input
- No strong innervation of smooth muscle in vessel - Release of Ach producing vasodilation
58
Blood Pressure Equation
- Mean arterial pressure (MAP) - Cardiac output (CO) - Total peripheral resistance (TPR) MAP(BP) = CO x TPR
59
Baroreceptor Reflex
- Regulate blood pressure by increasing CO or resistance to increase pressure
60
Baroreceptor Reflex Negative Feedback System
- Set point 120/80 - Control centre, cardiovascular centre - Effector, heart & blood vessels - Controlled variable, blood pressure - Sensor, baroreceptors
61
Baroreceptors
- Special stretch receptors - Located in wall of aortic arch & carotid sinuses - Sensitive to stretching of wall in blood vessels
62
Increase in Blood Pressure
- Stretches vessel walls - Baroreceptors send action potential to cardio regulatory & vasomotor centres - Centres work to return blood pressure to normal (change HR, force of contraction & diameter of vessels)
63
Cardioregulatory Centre
- Activates PSNS - Deactivates SNS - Drop in HR & force of contraction - Decrease stroke volume & cardiac output
64
Vasomotor Centre
- Vasodilation of most blood cells - Decrease in peripheral resistance

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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