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1020 Human Physiology > Module 10 - Respiration > Flashcards

Module 10 - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Lung Location

A
  • In thoracic cavity
  • Surrounded by rib cage & diaphragm
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2
Q

Airway Components

A
  • Nasal cavity & mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Trachea
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3
Q

Trachea Anatomy

A
  • Divides into left & right bronchi
  • Divide into smaller bronchioles
  • Divide into alveoli
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4
Q

Alveoli Wall Composition

A
  • Type I & type II cells
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5
Q

Type I Alveoli Cells

A
  • Flat alveolar epithelial cells
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6
Q

Type II Alveoli Cells

A
  • Secrete surfactant
  • Line alveoli
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7
Q

Capillary Composition

A
  • Vascularized tissues
  • Thin endothelial wall
  • Large cross-sectional area
  • Low blood velocity
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8
Q

Capillary Function

A
  • Diffuses O2 into blood & CO2 out
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9
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A
  • Region between alveolar spaces & capillary lumen
  • 0.3 microns thick
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10
Q

Respiratory Membrane Function

A
  • Allows gas exchange between air & blood
  • Immune cells for protection against airborne particles
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11
Q

Respiratory Immune Cell Types

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
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12
Q

Parietal Pleural Membrane

A
  • Lines & sticks to ribs
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13
Q

Visceral Pleura Membrane

A
  • Surrounds & sticks to lungs
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14
Q

Intrapleural Space Composition

A
  • Formed by two membrane layers
  • Small amount of pleural fluid
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15
Q

Pleural Fluid Function

A
  • Reduce friction
  • Between pleural membranes during breathing
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16
Q

Lung Movement during Respiration

A
  • Recoil & collapse
  • Due to elastin
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17
Q

Pressure Levels Between Breaths

A
  • Alveolar & atmospheric high
  • Intrapleural low
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18
Q

Cause of Lower Intrapleural Pressure

A
  • Chest wall & lungs moving in opposite directions
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19
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure

A
  • Difference between alveolar & intrapleural pressures
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20
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure Equation

A

TP = Alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure

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21
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure Importance

A
  • Hold lungs open
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22
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • No pressure holding lungs open
  • Causing collapse
  • Puncture of intrapleural space
  • Alveolar & intrapleural pressure become equal
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23
Q

Boyle’s Law Definition

A
  • Volume decrease causes pressure increase
  • Pressure inversely proportional to volume
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24
Q

Boyle’s Law Equation

A

Pressure ∝1/Volume

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25
Pressures of Air Moving into Lungs
- High atmospheric pressure - Low alveolar pressure
26
Pressures of Air Moving out of Lungs
- High alveolar pressure - Low atmospheric pressure
27
Muscles of Inspiration
- Diaphragm moves downwards (contracts) - External intercostal muscles of rib contract
28
Pressure Change of Inspiration
- Alveolar pressure drops - Atmospheric pressure remains same
29
Inspiration Contraction Process
- Active process - Relies on signals from respiratory center (brainstem) - Inhibits expiratory muscles & centre
30
Muscles of Expiration
- Diaphragm moves upwards (relaxes) - External intercostal muscles of rib relax
31
Pressure Change of Expiration
- Alveolar pressure increases - Atmospheric pressure remains same
32
Expiration during Exercise
- Air forced out of lungs - Contracts abdominal & internal rib intercostal muscles - Creates larger pressure gradient - Alveolar pressure increase
33
Compliance
- Stretchability of lungs - More stretch = more compliance
34
Pulmonary Compliance
- Volume change from pressure change - Determines ease of breathing
35
Compliance Equation
= Volume change/pressure change
36
Factors of Compliance
- Amount of elastic tissue in wall of alveoli, vessels, bronchi - Surface tension of liquid film lining alveoli
37
Elastic Tissue
- Present in walls of alveoli, blood vessels, bronchioles - Arranged to easily stretch elastin fibers, not collagen - More elastin = less compliance
38
Surface Tension
- Force developed at liquid surface - Caused by attractive forces between H2O molecules - Water molecule tension is inward
39
Pulmonary Compliance Surface Tension
- Thin liquid film lining alveoli surface tension - Collapse alveoli - Decreasing compliance - Difficult to inflate lungs
40
Pulmonary Surfactant
- Lipoprotein substances - Produced by type II alveolar cells
41
Lipoprotein Composition
- Phospholipids
42
Lung Volume Types
- Tidal volume - Residual volume - Inspiratory reserve volume - Expiratory reserve volume
43
Tidal Volume
- Air volume entering/leaving lungs - During 1 breath at rest
44
Residual Volume
- Remaining air in lungs - After max exhalation
45
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Maximum air to enter lungs - In addition to tidal volume
46
Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Maximum air exhaled - Beyond tidal volume
47
Lung Capacity Types
- Inspiratory capacity - Functional residual capacity - Vital capacity - Total lung capacity
48
Lung Capacity Definition
- 2+ lung volumes
49
Inspiratory Capacity
- Max amount of air inhaled - After exhaling tidal volume - Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
50
Vital Capacity
- Maximal amount of air exhaled - After maximal inhalation - Inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve
51
Total Lung Capacity
- Maximum air lungs can hold - Vital capacity + residual volume
52
Respiratory Zone Composition
- Alveoli - No cartilage/cilia
53
Conducting Zones/Anatomical Dead Space Composition
- Cartilage in airways - Cilia on bronchial epithelium
54
Conducting Zones/Anatomical Dead Space Function
- Conduct air - Microbial defence - NO gas exchange
55
Respiratory Zone Function
- Gas exchange - Microbial defence
56
Pulmonary Ventilation (VE)
- Air entering all conducting & respiratory zones - In 1 MIN - 7500mL/min at rest
57
Pulmonary Ventilation Equation
Tidal volume(mL) x respiratory rate (breaths/min) *mL/min
58
Alveolar Ventilation (VA)
- Air entering respiratory zones - Each minute - Volume of fresh air available for gas exchange - Take anatomical dead space into account
59
Alveolar Ventilation (VA) Calculation
Pulmonary ventilation (VE) - Dead space ventilation (VD)
60
Dead Space Ventilation (VD)
- Equal to persons body weight in pounds
61
High O2 Parietal Pressure
- Alveolar (Highest) - Systemic Artery - Pulmonary Vein
62
High CO2 Parietal Pressure
- Pulmonary Artery - Systemic Vein - Tissue
63
Partial Pressure Movement
- O2 & CO2 move from high-low partial pressure areas - Down partial pressure gradients
64
Oxygen Movement
- From alveolar space (105mmHg) - To bloodstream (40mmHg)
65
Carbon Dioxide Movement
- From blood (46mmHg) - To alveolar space (40mmHg)
66
Hemoglobin O2 Transport
- Transports majority of O2 - Each hemoglobin molecule carries 4 O2 molecules
67
Plasma O2 Transport
- Transports very low amount - Can't supply enough O2 to meet body needs
68
Erythropoiesis
- RBC production - Within bone marrow
69
Erythropoiesis Requirements
- Amino acids - Iron - Folic acid - Vitamin B12
70
Amino Acids & Iron Function
- Components of hemoglobin
71
Folic Acid & Vitamin B12 Function
- Formation of DNA - Cell division
72
RBC Life Span
- 120 days - Destroyed by liver & spleen
73
Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone
- Erythrocyte production - Ensure RBC production equals RBC loss
74
Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone Secretion
- 90% kidneys - 10% liver
75
Testosterone Effects on RBC
- Increase EPO Secretion - Larger amount of RBC in males than females
76
Immature RBC's
- Contain nucleus - Direct production of hemoglobin
77
Mature RBC's
- No nucleus - Circulating in blood - No more hemoglobin produced
78
High PO2 Levels
- In lungs - O2 binds to Hb - Forming HbO2
79
Low PO2 Levels
- In tissue - O2 unloads from Hb
80
HbO2 Dissociation Factors
- Temperature - Acidity (pH)
81
PO2 at Rest
- 50% of Hb saturated
82
PO2 During Exercise
- Body warms up & pH decreases (acidity increase) - 5% saturation of Hb - Unloading of O2 from Hb
83
CO2 Transport Mechanisms
- Dissolved & carried in plasma (PCO2) - Carried as bicarbonate ion (HCO3) - Attached to proteins in blood forming carbamino compounds
84
CO2 Dissolved in Plasma
- 20x more soluble than O2 - Dissolves easy - 7-10% of CO2 transport
85
CO2 as Bicarbonate Ion
- 70% of CO2 transport - CO2 reacts with H20 to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3) - H2CO3 dissociates in bicarbonate (HCO3) & H+
86
CO2 as Carbamino Compound
- 20-23% of CO2 transport - Hb unloads O2 picks up CO2 - Forms HbCO2 - Returns to lungs - Diffuses into alveolar space
87
CO2 Chloride Shift
- CO2 converted to HCO3- - HCO3- diffuses out of RBC into plasma - HCO3- leaving cell = more negative - Cl- diffuses in to balance charge
88
High PCO2 Levels
- In tissue - Loading hemoglobin with CO2 - Form bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
89
Low PCO2 Levels
- At lungs - CO2 unloads from Hb - HCO3- coverts back to CO2 - CO2 diffuses out of RBC into alveoli
90
Spontaneous Respiration
- Originates in medullary respiratory center - Produced by rhythmic activity from neurons
91
Voluntary Respiration
- Located in cerebral cortex - Can override medullary respiratory center
92
Quiet Exhalation
- Passive process - Relaxation of inspiratory muscles - Elastic properties & muscle recoiling
93
Forceful Exhalation
- During exercise - Contraction of abdominal muscles - Contraction of internal intercostal muscles of ribs
94
Pneumotaxic Center
- Regulates rate of breathing
95
Apneustic Center
- Controls depth of breathing
96
Role of Pons in Respiration
- Modify spontaneous signals from medulla centre - Ensures proper gas concentrations in blood
97
Voluntary Respiration Center
- Originates in cerebral cortex - Modify ventilation - Modify signals in apneustic or pneumotaxic center
98
Chemeoreceptors
- Special receptors to detect ion concentrations in blood - O2, CO2, H+
99
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
- Located in aortic arch & carotid sinus - Cardiovascular system
100
Central Chemoreceptors
- Located in medulla of brainstem - Close to respiratory center
101
Peripheral Chemoreceptor Characteristics
- Primarily sensitive to O2 - Slightly sensitive to CO2 - Detect levels & send signals to respiratory center - Increase ventilation - Restoration of PO2 & PCO2
102
Central Chemoreceptor Characteristics
- Sensitive to H+ levels in interstitial space of brain - Diffuse interstitial space crossing blood brain barrier - Detect levels & signal to respiratory center - Increase ventilation - Restore normal blood gas concentrations
103
Respiration Negative Feedback System
- Set point (proper gas concentration) - Control center (brain) - Sensors (chemoreceptors detect gas levels) - Effector (muscles of respiration) - Controlled variable (ventilation of lungs)

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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