Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1020 Human Physiology > Module 10 - Respiration > Flashcards

Module 10 - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Lung Location

A
  • In thoracic cavity
  • Surrounded by rib cage & diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Airway Components

A
  • Nasal cavity & mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Trachea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trachea Anatomy

A
  • Divides into left & right bronchi
  • Divide into smaller bronchioles
  • Divide into alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alveoli Wall Composition

A
  • Type I & type II cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type I Alveoli Cells

A
  • Flat alveolar epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type II Alveoli Cells

A
  • Secrete surfactant
  • Line alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Capillary Composition

A
  • Vascularized tissues
  • Thin endothelial wall
  • Large cross-sectional area
  • Low blood velocity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Capillary Function

A
  • Diffuses O2 into blood & CO2 out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A
  • Region between alveolar spaces & capillary lumen
  • 0.3 microns thick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Respiratory Membrane Function

A
  • Allows gas exchange between air & blood
  • Immune cells for protection against airborne particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Respiratory Immune Cell Types

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parietal Pleural Membrane

A
  • Lines & sticks to ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Visceral Pleura Membrane

A
  • Surrounds & sticks to lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intrapleural Space Composition

A
  • Formed by two membrane layers
  • Small amount of pleural fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pleural Fluid Function

A
  • Reduce friction
  • Between pleural membranes during breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lung Movement during Respiration

A
  • Recoil & collapse
  • Due to elastin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pressure Levels Between Breaths

A
  • Alveolar & atmospheric high
  • Intrapleural low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cause of Lower Intrapleural Pressure

A
  • Chest wall & lungs moving in opposite directions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure

A
  • Difference between alveolar & intrapleural pressures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure Equation

A

TP = Alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure Importance

A
  • Hold lungs open
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • No pressure holding lungs open
  • Causing collapse
  • Puncture of intrapleural space
  • Alveolar & intrapleural pressure become equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Boyle’s Law Definition

A
  • Volume decrease causes pressure increase
  • Pressure inversely proportional to volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Boyle’s Law Equation

A

Pressure ∝1/Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pressures of Air Moving into Lungs

A
  • High atmospheric pressure
  • Low alveolar pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pressures of Air Moving out of Lungs

A
  • High alveolar pressure
  • Low atmospheric pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm moves downwards (contracts)
  • External intercostal muscles of rib contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pressure Change of Inspiration

A
  • Alveolar pressure drops
  • Atmospheric pressure remains same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inspiration Contraction Process

A
  • Active process
  • Relies on signals from respiratory center (brainstem)
  • Inhibits expiratory muscles & centre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Muscles of Expiration

A
  • Diaphragm moves upwards (relaxes)
  • External intercostal muscles of rib relax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pressure Change of Expiration

A
  • Alveolar pressure increases
  • Atmospheric pressure remains same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Expiration during Exercise

A
  • Air forced out of lungs
  • Contracts abdominal & internal rib intercostal muscles
  • Creates larger pressure gradient
  • Alveolar pressure increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Compliance

A
  • Stretchability of lungs
  • More stretch = more compliance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pulmonary Compliance

A
  • Volume change from pressure change
  • Determines ease of breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Compliance Equation

A

= Volume change/pressure change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Factors of Compliance

A
  • Amount of elastic tissue in wall of alveoli, vessels, bronchi
  • Surface tension of liquid film lining alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Elastic Tissue

A
  • Present in walls of alveoli, blood vessels, bronchioles
  • Arranged to easily stretch elastin fibers, not collagen
  • More elastin = less compliance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Surface Tension

A
  • Force developed at liquid surface
  • Caused by attractive forces between H2O molecules
  • Water molecule tension is inward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pulmonary Compliance Surface Tension

A
  • Thin liquid film lining alveoli surface tension
  • Collapse alveoli
  • Decreasing compliance
  • Difficult to inflate lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

A
  • Lipoprotein substances
  • Produced by type II alveolar cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Lipoprotein Composition

A
  • Phospholipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Lung Volume Types

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Residual volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
43
Q

Tidal Volume

A
  • Air volume entering/leaving lungs
  • During 1 breath at rest
44
Q

Residual Volume

A
  • Remaining air in lungs
  • After max exhalation
45
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A
  • Maximum air to enter lungs
  • In addition to tidal volume
46
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A
  • Maximum air exhaled
  • Beyond tidal volume
47
Q

Lung Capacity Types

A
  • Inspiratory capacity
  • Functional residual capacity
  • Vital capacity
  • Total lung capacity
48
Q

Lung Capacity Definition

A
  • 2+ lung volumes
49
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A
  • Max amount of air inhaled
  • After exhaling tidal volume
  • Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
50
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • Maximal amount of air exhaled
  • After maximal inhalation
  • Inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve
51
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A
  • Maximum air lungs can hold
  • Vital capacity + residual volume
52
Q

Respiratory Zone Composition

A
  • Alveoli
  • No cartilage/cilia
53
Q

Conducting Zones/Anatomical Dead Space Composition

A
  • Cartilage in airways
  • Cilia on bronchial epithelium
54
Q

Conducting Zones/Anatomical Dead Space Function

A
  • Conduct air
  • Microbial defence
  • NO gas exchange
55
Q

Respiratory Zone Function

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Microbial defence
56
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation (VE)

A
  • Air entering all conducting & respiratory zones
  • In 1 MIN
  • 7500mL/min at rest
57
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation Equation

A

Tidal volume(mL) x respiratory rate (breaths/min)
*mL/min

58
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A
  • Air entering respiratory zones
  • Each minute
  • Volume of fresh air available for gas exchange
  • Take anatomical dead space into account
59
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA) Calculation

A

Pulmonary ventilation (VE) - Dead space ventilation (VD)

60
Q

Dead Space Ventilation (VD)

A
  • Equal to persons body weight in pounds
61
Q

High O2 Parietal Pressure

A
  • Alveolar (Highest)
  • Systemic Artery
  • Pulmonary Vein
62
Q

High CO2 Parietal Pressure

A
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Systemic Vein
  • Tissue
63
Q

Partial Pressure Movement

A
  • O2 & CO2 move from high-low partial pressure areas
  • Down partial pressure gradients
64
Q

Oxygen Movement

A
  • From alveolar space (105mmHg)
  • To bloodstream (40mmHg)
65
Q

Carbon Dioxide Movement

A
  • From blood (46mmHg)
  • To alveolar space (40mmHg)
66
Q

Hemoglobin O2 Transport

A
  • Transports majority of O2
  • Each hemoglobin molecule carries 4 O2 molecules
67
Q

Plasma O2 Transport

A
  • Transports very low amount
  • Can’t supply enough O2 to meet body needs
68
Q

Erythropoiesis

A
  • RBC production
  • Within bone marrow
69
Q

Erythropoiesis Requirements

A
  • Amino acids
  • Iron
  • Folic acid
  • Vitamin B12
70
Q

Amino Acids & Iron Function

A
  • Components of hemoglobin
71
Q

Folic Acid & Vitamin B12 Function

A
  • Formation of DNA
  • Cell division
72
Q

RBC Life Span

A
  • 120 days
  • Destroyed by liver & spleen
73
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone

A
  • Erythrocyte production
  • Ensure RBC production equals RBC loss
74
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone Secretion

A
  • 90% kidneys
  • 10% liver
75
Q

Testosterone Effects on RBC

A
  • Increase EPO Secretion
  • Larger amount of RBC in males than females
76
Q

Immature RBC’s

A
  • Contain nucleus
  • Direct production of hemoglobin
77
Q

Mature RBC’s

A
  • No nucleus
  • Circulating in blood
  • No more hemoglobin produced
78
Q

High PO2 Levels

A
  • In lungs
  • O2 binds to Hb
  • Forming HbO2
79
Q

Low PO2 Levels

A
  • In tissue
  • O2 unloads from Hb
80
Q

HbO2 Dissociation Factors

A
  • Temperature
  • Acidity (pH)
81
Q

PO2 at Rest

A
  • 50% of Hb saturated
82
Q

PO2 During Exercise

A
  • Body warms up & pH decreases (acidity increase)
  • 5% saturation of Hb
  • Unloading of O2 from Hb
83
Q

CO2 Transport Mechanisms

A
  • Dissolved & carried in plasma (PCO2)
  • Carried as bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
  • Attached to proteins in blood forming carbamino compounds
84
Q

CO2 Dissolved in Plasma

A
  • 20x more soluble than O2
  • Dissolves easy
  • 7-10% of CO2 transport
85
Q

CO2 as Bicarbonate Ion

A
  • 70% of CO2 transport
  • CO2 reacts with H20 to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  • H2CO3 dissociates in bicarbonate (HCO3) & H+
86
Q

CO2 as Carbamino Compound

A
  • 20-23% of CO2 transport
  • Hb unloads O2 picks up CO2
  • Forms HbCO2
  • Returns to lungs
  • Diffuses into alveolar space
87
Q

CO2 Chloride Shift

A
  • CO2 converted to HCO3-
  • HCO3- diffuses out of RBC into plasma
  • HCO3- leaving cell = more negative
  • Cl- diffuses in to balance charge
88
Q

High PCO2 Levels

A
  • In tissue
  • Loading hemoglobin with CO2
  • Form bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
89
Q

Low PCO2 Levels

A
  • At lungs
  • CO2 unloads from Hb
  • HCO3- coverts back to CO2
  • CO2 diffuses out of RBC into alveoli
90
Q

Spontaneous Respiration

A
  • Originates in medullary respiratory center
  • Produced by rhythmic activity from neurons
91
Q

Voluntary Respiration

A
  • Located in cerebral cortex
  • Can override medullary respiratory center
92
Q

Quiet Exhalation

A
  • Passive process
  • Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  • Elastic properties & muscle recoiling
93
Q

Forceful Exhalation

A
  • During exercise
  • Contraction of abdominal muscles
  • Contraction of internal intercostal muscles of ribs
94
Q

Pneumotaxic Center

A
  • Regulates rate of breathing
95
Q

Apneustic Center

A
  • Controls depth of breathing
96
Q

Role of Pons in Respiration

A
  • Modify spontaneous signals from medulla centre
  • Ensures proper gas concentrations in blood
97
Q

Voluntary Respiration Center

A
  • Originates in cerebral cortex
  • Modify ventilation
  • Modify signals in apneustic or pneumotaxic center
98
Q

Chemeoreceptors

A
  • Special receptors to detect ion concentrations in blood
  • O2, CO2, H+
99
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in aortic arch & carotid sinus
  • Cardiovascular system
100
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A
  • Located in medulla of brainstem
  • Close to respiratory center
101
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptor Characteristics

A
  • Primarily sensitive to O2
  • Slightly sensitive to CO2
  • Detect levels & send signals to respiratory center
  • Increase ventilation
  • Restoration of PO2 & PCO2
102
Q

Central Chemoreceptor Characteristics

A
  • Sensitive to H+ levels in interstitial space of brain
  • Diffuse interstitial space crossing blood brain barrier
  • Detect levels & signal to respiratory center
  • Increase ventilation
  • Restore normal blood gas concentrations
103
Q

Respiration Negative Feedback System

A
  • Set point (proper gas concentration)
  • Control center (brain)
  • Sensors (chemoreceptors detect gas levels)
  • Effector (muscles of respiration)
  • Controlled variable (ventilation of lungs)

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions