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1020 Human Physiology > Module 14 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 14 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal Development

A
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • Egg carries X
  • Sperm carries X or Y
  • Sex is determined at fertilization
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2
Q

Male Embryo

A
  • XY chromosome pair
  • 6-7 weeks gonads develop to testes
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3
Q

Female Embryo

A
  • XX chromosome pair
  • 9 weeks develop ovaries
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4
Q

Primary Reproductive Tracts

A
  • Wolfian duct (mesonephric)
  • Mullerian duct (paramesonephric)
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5
Q

Male Fetus (7 Wks)

A
  • Testicular cells produce MIH
  • Causing Mullerian duct to regress
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6
Q

Male Fetus (9 Wks)

A
  • Testicular cells produce testosterone
  • Stimulates wolfian duct to develop external genitalia
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7
Q

Female Fetus

A
  • No hormonal control
  • Mullerian duct develops into female genitalia
  • Wolfian duct regresses in absence of testosterone
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8
Q

Function of Male System

A
  • Produce testosterone
  • Produce sperm & deliver to vagina
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9
Q

Function of Female System

A
  • Produce estrogen & progesterone
  • Produce eggs & receive sperm
  • Provide conditions for fetus development
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10
Q

Male External Genitalia

A
  • Penis
  • Scrotum
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11
Q

Penis Composition

A
  • Urethra
  • Glans penis
  • Erectile tissue corpus spongiosum & cavernosum
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12
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Contains testes
  • Sperm & testosterone production
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13
Q

Ejaculation Pathway

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Mixes with fluid from seminal vesicles
  • Passes through prostate
  • Receives more fluid from bulbourethral gland
  • Enters urethra
  • Passes out penis
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14
Q

Sperm Formation

A
  • Seminiferous tubules in testes
  • Epididymis
  • Drains into ductus deferens
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15
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Sertoli cells
  • Develop sperm (spermatogenesis)
  • Leydig cells immediately outside
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16
Q

Sertoli Cell Function

A
  • Regulate spermatogenesis
  • Maintain developing sperm cells, spermatogonia
  • Produce inhibin
  • Secrete fluid to push immature sperm to epididymis
  • Form blood-testis barrier (BTB)
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17
Q

Leydig Cell Function

A
  • Produce Testosterone
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18
Q

BTB Function

A
  • Isolates developing sperm cells form blood
  • Protection against immune cells
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19
Q

Epididymis Function

A
  • Final maturation area of sperm
  • Sperm storage
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20
Q

Vas Deferens Function

A
  • Carry sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
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21
Q

Seminal Vesicles Function

A
  • Contribute fluid to semen during ejaculation
  • Maintain & nourish sperm with fructose & enzymes
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22
Q

Prostate Gland Function

A
  • Secrete enzymes & fluid
  • Neutralize acidic environment of urethra & vagina
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23
Q

Bulbourethral Gland Function

A
  • Secrete fluid
  • Neutralize pH
  • Lubricate urethra & vagina
  • Create optimal environment for sperm
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24
Q

Urthera Function

A
  • Transport sperm during ejaculation
  • Drain bladder during urination
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25
Spermatogenesis
- Begins when male puberty & testosterone production start - 64 day process
26
Spermatogonia
- 23 chromosome pairs - Outer edge seminiferous tubules - Divide by mitosis into 2 cells - One cell continues as spermatogonia - One cell develops to primary spermatocyte
27
Primary Spermatocyte
- Divides by meiosis into 2 secondary spermatocyte - Divide into 4 spermatid by meiosis
28
Spermatids
- Develop into sperm cells - Release by Sertoli cells into seminiferous tubules - 23 chromosomes
29
Sperm
- Head, acrosome & nucleus - Midpiece, mitochondria - Long tail/flagellum, propulsion - Complete maturation takes 12 additional days
30
Testicular Function Control
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Response to release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
31
FSH Role (Male)
- Acts on Sertoli cells - Promote spermatogenesis - Produce inhibin hormone
32
Inhibin Hormone Role
- Feeds back to anterior pituitary - Decrease release of FSH & LH
33
LH Role (Male)
- Stimulates Leydig cells - Produce testosterone
34
Testosterone Role
- Feeds back to hypothalamus & anterior pituitary - Decrease production & secretion of FSH & LH - Final maturation of male system - Mature sperm production
35
Testosterone Composition
- Begins with cholesterol - Formation of several intermediate molecules
36
Highest Testosterone Levels
- Fetal development - After birth - Puberty - Peak level 16-18
37
Testosterone Function
- Development of fetal reproductive tract & external genitalia - Growth & development of all reproductive organs (puberty) - Development of male secondary sex characteristics - Sex drive at puberty - Spermatogenesis - Bone & skeletal muscle growth - Increase aggressiveness
38
Andropause
- Ages 40-50 - Decrease in testosterone - Decrease in sperm production - Decrease in sexual desire, erectile ability - Decrease in lean body mass & bone density - Increased obesity
39
External Female Genitalia
- Vulva
40
Clitoris
- Small mound of erectile tissue - Derived from same embryonic tissue as penis
41
Labium Majora (Majus)
- Surrounds labia minus (minora) - Fold of skin derived from same embryonic tissue as penis
42
Labium Minora (Minus)
- Enclose vaginal orifice (vagina opening)
43
Uterus
- Muscular, wallowed, hallow organ - Womb
44
Sperm Pathway (Vagina)
- Vagina - Cervix - Uterus - Fallopian tubes
45
Vagina Function
- Receives penis & sperm - Discharge of menstruation fluid - Birth of baby
46
Cervix Function
- Secretes mucus that varies during menstrual cycle - Thick, prevent sperm entry - Thin, promote sperm entry
47
Uterus Function
- Implantation of fertilized egg - Developing embryo is nourished & maintained
48
Fallopian Tubes Function
- Site of fertilization - Cilia to pass egg from fimbria to uterus
49
Fimbriae Function
- Capture egg after expelled from ovaries - Funnel into infundibulum
50
Ovaries Function
- Produce eggs (oogenesis) - Produce estrogen & progesterone
51
Oogenesis
- Developing egg contained in follicle - Begin with several million oogonia - Oogonia develop into primary follicle - Remain in this form until puberty
52
Primary Follicle
- Single outer layer of granulose cells - Contain primary oocyte
53
Oogenesis at Puberty
- Ovaries activated by LH & FSH - Several hundred thousand primary oocytes & follicles have survived
54
Oogenesis during Menstrual Cycle
- Primary follicles grow - Developing ring of theca cells - Enlarges to secondary follicle - Develops into mature follicle - Separate from granulose cells to float around freely
55
Ovulation
- Production of estrogen increases with follicle growth - Granulosa cells grow & produce more estrogen - Positive feedback to increase levels of FSH & LH - LH surge causes antrum to rupture, releasing egg - Egg is gathered by fimbriae - Mature follicle degenerates into corpus luteum
56
Estrogen Production
- Uptake of cholesterol by theca cells - LH stimulates conversion of cholesterol to androstenedione - Small amount of androstenedione coverts to estradiol - Released into circulation - Majority taken up by granulosa cells - FSH stimulates conversion for more estradiol
57
Estrogen Formation
- Begins as cholesterol - Continuation of same reaction series as testosterone - Formed from androstenedione
58
Progesterone Formation
- Produced from cholesterol - Intermediate in testosterone production
59
Progesterone Before Ovulation
- Produced in small quantities by granulose & theca cells - Production stimulated by LH
60
Progesterone After Ovulation
- Secretion by corpus luteum
61
Highest Estrogen Levels
- Puberty (8-13) - Increased secretion of GnRH - Increased release of LH & FSH
62
Menopause
- Age 40-50 - Cycle becomes irregular, then stops all together - Decreased estrogen production
63
Menopause Effects
- Decreased in number of primary follicles in ovaries - Less estrogen production - No negative feedback to suppress FSH & LH - High production of LH & FSH - Ovaries become less responsive
64
Effects of LH Surge
- Granulosa cells secrete fluid - Follicle expels egg - Egg leaves ovarian wall & swept into fallopian tube
65
Secretory/Luteal Phase
- Day 14-28 - Ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum - Increased progesterone production - Development of uterine lining
66
No Implantation of Egg
- 12 days after ovulation - Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans - Progesterone levels drop - Uterine lining degrades
67
Proliferative/Follicular Phase
- Day 7-14 - Developing follicle produces & secretes androgens & estrogen - Increase in estrogen production - Granulosa cells grow - LH surge - Ovulation occurs
68
Menes Phase
- Day 0-7 - LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone levels low - Unable to support uterus lining - Loss of uterine lining
69
Birth Control Composition
- Synthetic estrogen & progesterone
70
Estrogen & Progesterone Combination
- Act as natural hormones - Feedback to hypothalamus, decrease GnRH levels - Feedback to anterior pituitary, decrease LH & FSH levels
71
Low FSH (Female)
- Suppress follicles development
72
Low LH (Female)
- Prevent LH Surge - Prevent ovulation
73
Synthetic Progesterone ONLY
- Produces thick, cervical mucous - Inhibits sperm from entering uterus - Decreases motility (egg transport) of uterus & fallopian tubes

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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