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1020 Human Physiology > Module 14 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 14 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal Development

A
  • 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • Egg carries X
  • Sperm carries X or Y
  • Sex is determined at fertilization
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2
Q

Male Embryo

A
  • XY chromosome pair
  • 6-7 weeks gonads develop to testes
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3
Q

Female Embryo

A
  • XX chromosome pair
  • 9 weeks develop ovaries
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4
Q

Primary Reproductive Tracts

A
  • Wolfian duct (mesonephric)
  • Mullerian duct (paramesonephric)
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5
Q

Male Fetus (7 Wks)

A
  • Testicular cells produce MIH
  • Causing Mullerian duct to regress
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6
Q

Male Fetus (9 Wks)

A
  • Testicular cells produce testosterone
  • Stimulates wolfian duct to develop external genitalia
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7
Q

Female Fetus

A
  • No hormonal control
  • Mullerian duct develops into female genitalia
  • Wolfian duct regresses in absence of testosterone
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8
Q

Function of Male System

A
  • Produce testosterone
  • Produce sperm & deliver to vagina
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9
Q

Function of Female System

A
  • Produce estrogen & progesterone
  • Produce eggs & receive sperm
  • Provide conditions for fetus development
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10
Q

Male External Genitalia

A
  • Penis
  • Scrotum
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11
Q

Penis Composition

A
  • Urethra
  • Glans penis
  • Erectile tissue corpus spongiosum & cavernosum
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12
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Contains testes
  • Sperm & testosterone production
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13
Q

Ejaculation Pathway

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Mixes with fluid from seminal vesicles
  • Passes through prostate
  • Receives more fluid from bulbourethral gland
  • Enters urethra
  • Passes out penis
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14
Q

Sperm Formation

A
  • Seminiferous tubules in testes
  • Epididymis
  • Drains into ductus deferens
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15
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Sertoli cells
  • Develop sperm (spermatogenesis)
  • Leydig cells immediately outside
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16
Q

Sertoli Cell Function

A
  • Regulate spermatogenesis
  • Maintain developing sperm cells, spermatogonia
  • Produce inhibin
  • Secrete fluid to push immature sperm to epididymis
  • Form blood-testis barrier (BTB)
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17
Q

Leydig Cell Function

A
  • Produce Testosterone
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18
Q

BTB Function

A
  • Isolates developing sperm cells form blood
  • Protection against immune cells
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19
Q

Epididymis Function

A
  • Final maturation area of sperm
  • Sperm storage
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20
Q

Vas Deferens Function

A
  • Carry sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
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21
Q

Seminal Vesicles Function

A
  • Contribute fluid to semen during ejaculation
  • Maintain & nourish sperm with fructose & enzymes
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22
Q

Prostate Gland Function

A
  • Secrete enzymes & fluid
  • Neutralize acidic environment of urethra & vagina
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23
Q

Bulbourethral Gland Function

A
  • Secrete fluid
  • Neutralize pH
  • Lubricate urethra & vagina
  • Create optimal environment for sperm
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24
Q

Urthera Function

A
  • Transport sperm during ejaculation
  • Drain bladder during urination
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25
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Begins when male puberty & testosterone production start
  • 64 day process
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26
Q

Spermatogonia

A
  • 23 chromosome pairs
  • Outer edge seminiferous tubules
  • Divide by mitosis into 2 cells
  • One cell continues as spermatogonia
  • One cell develops to primary spermatocyte
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27
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A
  • Divides by meiosis into 2 secondary spermatocyte
  • Divide into 4 spermatid by meiosis
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28
Q

Spermatids

A
  • Develop into sperm cells
  • Release by Sertoli cells into seminiferous tubules
  • 23 chromosomes
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29
Q

Sperm

A
  • Head, acrosome & nucleus
  • Midpiece, mitochondria
  • Long tail/flagellum, propulsion
  • Complete maturation takes 12 additional days
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30
Q

Testicular Function Control

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Response to release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
31
Q

FSH Role (Male)

A
  • Acts on Sertoli cells
  • Promote spermatogenesis
  • Produce inhibin hormone
32
Q

Inhibin Hormone Role

A
  • Feeds back to anterior pituitary
  • Decrease release of FSH & LH
33
Q

LH Role (Male)

A
  • Stimulates Leydig cells
  • Produce testosterone
34
Q

Testosterone Role

A
  • Feeds back to hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
  • Decrease production & secretion of FSH & LH
  • Final maturation of male system
  • Mature sperm production
35
Q

Testosterone Composition

A
  • Begins with cholesterol
  • Formation of several intermediate molecules
36
Q

Highest Testosterone Levels

A
  • Fetal development
  • After birth
  • Puberty
  • Peak level 16-18
37
Q

Testosterone Function

A
  • Development of fetal reproductive tract & external genitalia
  • Growth & development of all reproductive organs (puberty)
  • Development of male secondary sex characteristics
  • Sex drive at puberty
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Bone & skeletal muscle growth
  • Increase aggressiveness
38
Q

Andropause

A
  • Ages 40-50
  • Decrease in testosterone
  • Decrease in sperm production
  • Decrease in sexual desire, erectile ability
  • Decrease in lean body mass & bone density
  • Increased obesity
39
Q

External Female Genitalia

A
  • Vulva
40
Q

Clitoris

A
  • Small mound of erectile tissue
  • Derived from same embryonic tissue as penis
41
Q

Labium Majora (Majus)

A
  • Surrounds labia minus (minora)
  • Fold of skin derived from same embryonic tissue as penis
42
Q

Labium Minora (Minus)

A
  • Enclose vaginal orifice (vagina opening)
43
Q

Uterus

A
  • Muscular, wallowed, hallow organ
  • Womb
44
Q

Sperm Pathway (Vagina)

A
  • Vagina
  • Cervix
  • Uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
45
Q

Vagina Function

A
  • Receives penis & sperm
  • Discharge of menstruation fluid
  • Birth of baby
46
Q

Cervix Function

A
  • Secretes mucus that varies during menstrual cycle
  • Thick, prevent sperm entry
  • Thin, promote sperm entry
47
Q

Uterus Function

A
  • Implantation of fertilized egg
  • Developing embryo is nourished & maintained
48
Q

Fallopian Tubes Function

A
  • Site of fertilization
  • Cilia to pass egg from fimbria to uterus
49
Q

Fimbriae Function

A
  • Capture egg after expelled from ovaries
  • Funnel into infundibulum
50
Q

Ovaries Function

A
  • Produce eggs (oogenesis)
  • Produce estrogen & progesterone
51
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Developing egg contained in follicle
  • Begin with several million oogonia
  • Oogonia develop into primary follicle
  • Remain in this form until puberty
52
Q

Primary Follicle

A
  • Single outer layer of granulose cells
  • Contain primary oocyte
53
Q

Oogenesis at Puberty

A
  • Ovaries activated by LH & FSH
  • Several hundred thousand primary oocytes & follicles have survived
54
Q

Oogenesis during Menstrual Cycle

A
  • Primary follicles grow
  • Developing ring of theca cells
  • Enlarges to secondary follicle
  • Develops into mature follicle
  • Separate from granulose cells to float around freely
55
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Production of estrogen increases with follicle growth
  • Granulosa cells grow & produce more estrogen
  • Positive feedback to increase levels of FSH & LH
  • LH surge causes antrum to rupture, releasing egg
  • Egg is gathered by fimbriae
  • Mature follicle degenerates into corpus luteum
56
Q

Estrogen Production

A
  • Uptake of cholesterol by theca cells
  • LH stimulates conversion of cholesterol to androstenedione
  • Small amount of androstenedione coverts to estradiol
  • Released into circulation
  • Majority taken up by granulosa cells
  • FSH stimulates conversion for more estradiol
57
Q

Estrogen Formation

A
  • Begins as cholesterol
  • Continuation of same reaction series as testosterone
  • Formed from androstenedione
58
Q

Progesterone Formation

A
  • Produced from cholesterol
  • Intermediate in testosterone production
59
Q

Progesterone Before Ovulation

A
  • Produced in small quantities by granulose & theca cells
  • Production stimulated by LH
60
Q

Progesterone After Ovulation

A
  • Secretion by corpus luteum
61
Q

Highest Estrogen Levels

A
  • Puberty (8-13)
  • Increased secretion of GnRH
  • Increased release of LH & FSH
62
Q

Menopause

A
  • Age 40-50
  • Cycle becomes irregular, then stops all together
  • Decreased estrogen production
63
Q

Menopause Effects

A
  • Decreased in number of primary follicles in ovaries
  • Less estrogen production
  • No negative feedback to suppress FSH & LH
  • High production of LH & FSH
  • Ovaries become less responsive
64
Q

Effects of LH Surge

A
  • Granulosa cells secrete fluid
  • Follicle expels egg
  • Egg leaves ovarian wall & swept into fallopian tube
65
Q

Secretory/Luteal Phase

A
  • Day 14-28
  • Ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum
  • Increased progesterone production
  • Development of uterine lining
66
Q

No Implantation of Egg

A
  • 12 days after ovulation
  • Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans
  • Progesterone levels drop
  • Uterine lining degrades
67
Q

Proliferative/Follicular Phase

A
  • Day 7-14
  • Developing follicle produces & secretes androgens & estrogen
  • Increase in estrogen production
  • Granulosa cells grow
  • LH surge
  • Ovulation occurs
68
Q

Menes Phase

A
  • Day 0-7
  • LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone levels low
  • Unable to support uterus lining
  • Loss of uterine lining
69
Q

Birth Control Composition

A
  • Synthetic estrogen & progesterone
70
Q

Estrogen & Progesterone Combination

A
  • Act as natural hormones
  • Feedback to hypothalamus, decrease GnRH levels
  • Feedback to anterior pituitary, decrease LH & FSH levels
71
Q

Low FSH (Female)

A
  • Suppress follicles development
72
Q

Low LH (Female)

A
  • Prevent LH Surge
  • Prevent ovulation
73
Q

Synthetic Progesterone ONLY

A
  • Produces thick, cervical mucous
  • Inhibits sperm from entering uterus
  • Decreases motility (egg transport) of uterus & fallopian tubes

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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