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1020 Human Physiology > Module 6 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 6 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A
  • activates muscles on left side of body & receives left sensory information
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2
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A
  • activates muscles on right side of body & receives right side sensory information
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3
Q

brainstem

A
  • Extension of spinal cord
  • Centre of involuntary functions of body (heart rate, reparations)
  • Contains midbrains, pons, medulla
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4
Q

medulla

A
  • Portion of brainstem
  • Primary control over involuntary functions
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5
Q

pons

A
  • Lowermost structure on brainstem, base of skull
  • Relay station for transferring information between cerebellum & cerebral cortex
  • Controls breathing
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6
Q

cerebellum

A
  • Located above brainstem, posterior region of brain
  • Processes sensory information & coordinates execution of movement
  • Structure with largest number of neurons in brain
  • Receives same information as motor cortex & proprioception from muscle spindles
  • Generating of accurate movements
  • Correcting ongoing movements
  • Modifying strength of some reflexes
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7
Q

thalamus function

A
  • receives sensory input from spinal cord
  • integrates sensory information
  • sends to cortex
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8
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • controls endocrine functions
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9
Q

diencephalon

A
  • Connects midbrain to forebrain
  • Located deep within brain
  • Consist of thalamus & hypothalamus
  • Direct release of hormones
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10
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • Regulates endocrine glands
  • Regulated by hypothalamus
  • anterior & posterior
  • Pea sized
  • release of oxytocin
  • Located at base of brain attached to hypothalamus by nerve fibers & blood vessels
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11
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • Dense bundle of nerve fibers
  • Pathway/connection between two cerebral hemispheres
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12
Q

gyro & sulci

A
  • Bumps & grooves of brain
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13
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • Located at back of brain
  • Responsible for vision
  • Contains primary visual cortex & visual association areas
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14
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • Located at back & top of head
  • Contains primary somatosensory cortex & association areas
  • Responsible for receiving sensory input & integrating sensory information with other association areas to form perception
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15
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • Located directly behind forehead
  • Contains primary motor cortex, motor association area & prefrontal cortex
  • Responsible for higher cognitive functions
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16
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • Located behind ears
  • Contains primary auditory cortex & auditory association areas
  • Responsible for receiving & processing auditory information
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17
Q

brain cells

A
  • Neurons, small amount
  • Glial cells, large amount
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18
Q

neurons

A
  • Small percentage of total brain cells (10%)
  • Transmit & process information for cells of body
  • Unipolar, one process
  • Bipolar, two processes
  • Multipolar, 3+ processes
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19
Q

gilial cells

A
  • Support brain cells, maintain internal environment of CNS
  • Glue things together
  • Regulate nutrients
  • Provide environment for proper neuron function
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20
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • How neurons communicate with each other
  • Presynaptic nerve will release neurotransmitter, has effect of postsynaptic nerve
  • Similar structure & process to neuromuscular junction
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21
Q

sequence of events at chemical synapse

A
  1. Action potential on presynaptic nerve, presynaptic neuron depolarizes synaptic terminal
  2. Ca++ channels open, Ca++ flows into neuron
  3. Synaptic vesicles fuse to wall of synaptic terminal
  4. Exocytosis causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
  5. Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft & attaches to chemically gated channels
  6. Non-specific ion channels open, lots of Na+ in, some K+ out
22
Q

classes of neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine (Ach)
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Amino Acids
  • neuropeptides
23
Q

main neurotransmitters of the brain

A
  • Excitatory, glutamate
  • Inhibitory, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
24
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A
  • Local depolarization occurs, positive membrane potential
  • Selective chemically gated channels for positive ions open
  • Influx of sodium (Na+) ions in cell
  • Local depolarization diminishes with time & distance
25
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A
  • Creates hyperpolarization, removes positive charge
  • Chemically gated channels open allowing for Cl- ions into cell or K+ ions out of cell
  • Hyperpolarization makes membrane less likely to meet threshold at axon hillock
26
Q

spatial summation

A
  • Several presynaptic neurons generate action potentials down respective axons
  • Convergence of EPSPs on postsynaptic neuron
  • Collectively large release of neurotransmitters
  • Add together leading to larger depolarization on axon hillock
27
Q

temporal summation

A
  • 1 presynaptic neuron generates series of high-frequency action potentials
  • Leading to many EPSPs on postsynaptic neuron
  • Large release of neurotransmitters & consecutive EPSPS
  • At same synapse
28
Q

somatic motor system

A
  • Responsible for activation of neurons to move muscles
  • Located on precentral gyrus in frontal lobe
29
Q

premotor cortex

A
  • planning sequence of muscle contractions & develop strategy for movement
  • greater area given to body parts requiring higher degree of motor control
30
Q

precentral gyrus

A
  • anatomical location of primary motor cortex
  • control of voluntary movement
  • located on lateral frontal lobe
31
Q

postcentral gyrus

A
  • contains primary somatosensory cortex
  • involuntary functions
  • responsible for proprioception
  • located on lateral partiel lobe
32
Q

supplementary cortex

A
  • programming motor sequences
  • more complex movements need more of the region
33
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • first thought/intention of muscle movement
34
Q

motor homunculus

A
  • specific topographical arrangement of motor cortex
  • specific area activates specific muscle
35
Q

corticospinal tract

A
  • Major motor pathway from primary motor cortex to motor neurons that activate muscle cells
  • Composed of axon & cell bodies
  • Track begins at motor cortex and extends down brain stem
36
Q

steps of corticospinal tract

A
  1. Tract begins at motor cortex
  2. Descends medulla
  3. At medulla 80% of all nerve fibers cross to contralateral/opposite side of body, 20% remain on ipsilateral/same side
  4. From brainstem fibers enter spinal cord and continue descending
  5. Once fibers reach correct level of spinal cord, synapse occurs with motor neurons fibers on ipsilateral side cross to contralateral side
  6. Neurons of the tract synapse with motor neurons & innervate muscle cells
37
Q

stretch receptors

A
  • detect muscle length, strength, rate of change in muscle length
  • always activated; information always being relayed to brain about muscle length
38
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • Send sensory information to brain to make aware of place of limbs in space & extent of muscle contraction
  • Type of proprioceptor
  • ## Found deep in skeletal muscles (intrafusal muscle fibers) & parallel with extrafusal fibers
39
Q

golgi tendon organs

A
  • Send sensory information to brain to make aware of place of limbs in space & extent of muscle contraction
  • Type of proprioceptor
  • Found in muscle tendons
  • Detect muscle tension & prevent muscle tears
  • When muscle tension increases, receptor activation also increases
40
Q

sensory region of spindles

A
  • Sense length & stretch of muscle
  • Contains; intrafusal muscle fibers, central sensory regions, 2 sets of gamma motor neurons & 1 sensory neuron
  • Sensory region of spindles stretches when muscle stretches
  • When stretched, sensory region changes shape, depolarizes & triggers action potential on sensory nerve
  • More stretch of sensory region, more depolarization, more action potentials sent to CNS
41
Q

reflex arc

A
  • Basic type of integrated neural activity
  • Requires sensory receptor, sensory neuron, synapse(s), interneuron(s), motor neuron & effector organ
  • Does not require output by brain to cause muscle contraction
42
Q

steps of reflex arc

A
  1. Tapping of tendon produces very small stretch of muscle
  2. Stretching of muscle also stretches muscle spindles
  3. Muscle spindles trigger action potential in afferent neuron (enters spinal cord)
  4. (ex) motor nerve of quadricep is activated, hamstrings are inhibited, quadricep contract & hamstring releases, causing lower leg to kick out
43
Q

alpha-gamma coactivation

A
  • Signals for muscle contraction travel from spinal cord through alpha motor neurons
  • Causing contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers (muscle cells) the whole muscle shortens & slackening of intrafusal muscles within muscle spindles
  • Ensures continuous information can be sent out from muscle spindles (proprioception)
  • If gamma & alpha motor neurons are activated at same time, sensory neuron would not decrease frequency of action potentials sent to CNS during muscle contraction
  • Gamma motor neurons modify sensitivity of muscle spindles sensory affects to stretch by maintaining the firing space of spindle afferents when extrafusal muscles shorten
44
Q

limbic system

A
  • Emotional centre within brain
  • Includes hypothalamus
  • Control release of hormones & homeostasis
  • Normal looking behaviours (eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, memory, locomotion, autonomic responses)
45
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A
  • Temperature control
  • Body water regulation
  • Food intake regulation
  • Cardiovascular regulation
  • Circadian clock regulation
  • Coordination of emotional behaviors
  • Control of hormones released from pituitary glands
46
Q

divisions of automatic nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system (SYN)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (PYSN)
47
Q

pathways of PYSN & SYN

A
  • Send neurons to each organ
  • Exception adrenal gland only SYN
  • Both release neurotransmitter Ach
48
Q

pathways of SYN

A
  • Nerves exit spinal cord in thoracic & lumbar regions
  • Preganglionic neurons synapse in ganglia onto second postganglionic nerve
  • Then travel to target organ
49
Q

pathways of PYSN

A
  • Nerves exit at brainstem & very low sacral region of spinal cord
  • Preganglionic nerves synapse onto postganglionic nerve near effector organ of interest
  • Nerve will then synapse to target organ
50
Q

function of PSYN

A
  • Storage & conservation of energy
  • Functions associated with rest & relaxation
  • Lower heart rate & blood pressure
51
Q

function of SYN

A
  • Activates body function in flight/flight situation
  • Increase heart rate, blood pressure, dilate airway & blood vesicle in muscles
  • Stop digestive system

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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