Module 16 - Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
Metabolism Definition
A
- Chemical change within a cell
- Manufacture energy
- Store energy
- Build new structures
2
Q
Anabolism
A
- Creation of large molecules from small
- Using ATP
3
Q
Catabolism
A
- Breakdown of large molecules into small
- Release of ATP
4
Q
Triglyceride Composition
A
- 3 fatty acid chains
- 1 glycerol molecule
5
Q
Protein Composition
A
- Long amino acid chains
6
Q
Carbohydrate Composition
A
- Long chains of monosaccharides
7
Q
Glycolysis
A
- Series of reactions in cytoplasm
- No oxygen required (anaerobic)
- Produce 2 ATP from 1 glucose
8
Q
Citric Acid Cycle
A
- Reactions in mitochondria
- Requires oxygen (aerobic)
- Produce 2 ATP from 1 glucose
9
Q
Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
A
- Linked to citric acid cycle
- Reactions in mitochondria
- Produce 34 ATP from 1 glucose
- Requires oxygen (aerobic)
10
Q
Glucose (ATP)
A
- Stored as glycogen
- Enter glycolysis
11
Q
Amino Acids (ATP)
A
- Converted to pyruvate to enter glycolysis
- Convert to acetyl coenzyme A to enter citric acid cycle
12
Q
Fat (ATP)
A
- Broken down into glycerol & free fatty acids
- Glycerol enters glycolysis
- Convert to acetyl coenzyme A to enter citric acid cycle
13
Q
Glucose Storage
A
- Majority in skeletal muscle
- Liver for brain use
14
Q
Glucose as Fuel
A
- Common for cells
- Only source for brain
15
Q
Glucose to Glycolysis
A
- Glucose enters cell
- Converts to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
- Enters glycolysis/convert to glycogen
16
Q
G-6-P Products
A
- ATP
- Pyruvate
17
Q
Pyruvate Reactions
A
- Enter citric acid cycle (O2 present)
- Small ATP & lactate (lack of O2)
18
Q
Lactic Acid Accumulation
A
- Blood vessels dilate
- Decrease pH
- Hemoglobin unload more O2
- Increased blood flow & O2 delivery
19
Q
Citric Acid Cycle Insufficient Oxygen
A
- Strenuous exercise
- Can’t work at full capacity
- Pyruvate accumulation
- Slowing glycolysis
- Pyruvate converted to lactic acid to continue glycolysis
20
Q
Reversible Reactions (Lactic Acid)
A
- O2 restore, lactic acid converts back to pyruvate
- Enters citric acid cycle
- Pyruvate turned back into glycogen as well
21
Q
Fed State (Absorptive)
A
- After a meal
- High nutrients
- Store new fuel for later use
22
Q
Fasted State (Post-Absorptive)
A
- Between meals
- Low nutrients
- Maintain blood-glucose levels
- Using stored nutrients
23
Q
Glucose during Fed State
A
- Stored in muscle & liver
- As glycogen
24
Q
Excess Glucose & Amino Acids (Fed State)
A
- Converted to fatty acids by liver
- Released into circulation
- Taken up by fat tissue
- Stored as triglycerides
25
Amino Acids during Fed State
- Taken up by cells
- Protein synthesis
- Building of muscle proteins/make new carriers
26
Liver during Fasted State
- Produce & release glucose from storage
- Make new glucose (gluconeogenesis)
27
Muscle Cells during Fasted State
- No glucose production
- Produce pyruvate or lactate
- Release into blood
28
Regulation of Metabolism
- Insulin & glucagon
- Secreted by pancreas (islet cells)
29
Insulin Purpose
- Fed state
- Response to high glucose levels
- Secreted by pancreatic beta cells
30
Insulin Effects
- Storage of nutrients
- Inhibiting release of nutrients in storage
31
Insulin Influences
- Increase glucose uptake & use by cells
- Increased glycogen formation
- Increased triglyceride formation
- Increased protein synthesis
32
Normal Insulin Regulation
- After meal glucose levels increase
- Release of insulin from pancreas
- Storage of nutrients
33
Diabetes Mellitus
- Beta cells destroyed, no insulin production
- Cells unable to take up nutrients
- Glucose levels rise
- Glucose excreted in urine
34
Glucagon
- Fasted state
- Response to low glucose levels
- Secreted by pancreatic alpha cells
35
Glucagon Effects
- Release of stored nutrients
- Targets liver & fat tissue
36
Glucagon Release Influences
- Increased glycogenolysis
- Increased gluconeogenesis
- Increased lipolysis
37
Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)
- Increase breakdown & release of energy stores
- Regulate BMR
38
Epinephrine
- Activated by SYNS
- Increased glucagon secretion
- Decreased insulin secretion
- Release of stored fuel
39
Cortisol
- Release of fuel stores during stress
