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1020 Human Physiology > Module 16 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Module 16 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism Definition

A
  • Chemical change within a cell
  • Manufacture energy
  • Store energy
  • Build new structures
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2
Q

Anabolism

A
  • Creation of large molecules from small
  • Using ATP
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3
Q

Catabolism

A
  • Breakdown of large molecules into small
  • Release of ATP
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4
Q

Triglyceride Composition

A
  • 3 fatty acid chains
  • 1 glycerol molecule
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5
Q

Protein Composition

A
  • Long amino acid chains
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6
Q

Carbohydrate Composition

A
  • Long chains of monosaccharides
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7
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Series of reactions in cytoplasm
  • No oxygen required (anaerobic)
  • Produce 2 ATP from 1 glucose
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8
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • Reactions in mitochondria
  • Requires oxygen (aerobic)
  • Produce 2 ATP from 1 glucose
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9
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)

A
  • Linked to citric acid cycle
  • Reactions in mitochondria
  • Produce 34 ATP from 1 glucose
  • Requires oxygen (aerobic)
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10
Q

Glucose (ATP)

A
  • Stored as glycogen
  • Enter glycolysis
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11
Q

Amino Acids (ATP)

A
  • Converted to pyruvate to enter glycolysis
  • Convert to acetyl coenzyme A to enter citric acid cycle
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12
Q

Fat (ATP)

A
  • Broken down into glycerol & free fatty acids
  • Glycerol enters glycolysis
  • Convert to acetyl coenzyme A to enter citric acid cycle
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13
Q

Glucose Storage

A
  • Majority in skeletal muscle
  • Liver for brain use
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14
Q

Glucose as Fuel

A
  • Common for cells
  • Only source for brain
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15
Q

Glucose to Glycolysis

A
  • Glucose enters cell
  • Converts to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
  • Enters glycolysis/convert to glycogen
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16
Q

G-6-P Products

A
  • ATP
  • Pyruvate
17
Q

Pyruvate Reactions

A
  • Enter citric acid cycle (O2 present)
  • Small ATP & lactate (lack of O2)
18
Q

Lactic Acid Accumulation

A
  • Blood vessels dilate
  • Decrease pH
  • Hemoglobin unload more O2
  • Increased blood flow & O2 delivery
19
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Insufficient Oxygen

A
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Can’t work at full capacity
  • Pyruvate accumulation
  • Slowing glycolysis
  • Pyruvate converted to lactic acid to continue glycolysis
20
Q

Reversible Reactions (Lactic Acid)

A
  • O2 restore, lactic acid converts back to pyruvate
  • Enters citric acid cycle
  • Pyruvate turned back into glycogen as well
21
Q

Fed State (Absorptive)

A
  • After a meal
  • High nutrients
  • Store new fuel for later use
22
Q

Fasted State (Post-Absorptive)

A
  • Between meals
  • Low nutrients
  • Maintain blood-glucose levels
  • Using stored nutrients
23
Q

Glucose during Fed State

A
  • Stored in muscle & liver
  • As glycogen
24
Q

Excess Glucose & Amino Acids (Fed State)

A
  • Converted to fatty acids by liver
  • Released into circulation
  • Taken up by fat tissue
  • Stored as triglycerides
25
Q

Amino Acids during Fed State

A
  • Taken up by cells
  • Protein synthesis
  • Building of muscle proteins/make new carriers
26
Q

Liver during Fasted State

A
  • Produce & release glucose from storage
  • Make new glucose (gluconeogenesis)
27
Q

Muscle Cells during Fasted State

A
  • No glucose production
  • Produce pyruvate or lactate
  • Release into blood
28
Q

Regulation of Metabolism

A
  • Insulin & glucagon
  • Secreted by pancreas (islet cells)
29
Q

Insulin Purpose

A
  • Fed state
  • Response to high glucose levels
  • Secreted by pancreatic beta cells
30
Q

Insulin Effects

A
  • Storage of nutrients
  • Inhibiting release of nutrients in storage
31
Q

Insulin Influences

A
  • Increase glucose uptake & use by cells
  • Increased glycogen formation
  • Increased triglyceride formation
  • Increased protein synthesis
32
Q

Normal Insulin Regulation

A
  • After meal glucose levels increase
  • Release of insulin from pancreas
  • Storage of nutrients
33
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Beta cells destroyed, no insulin production
  • Cells unable to take up nutrients
  • Glucose levels rise
  • Glucose excreted in urine
34
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Fasted state
  • Response to low glucose levels
  • Secreted by pancreatic alpha cells
35
Q

Glucagon Effects

A
  • Release of stored nutrients
  • Targets liver & fat tissue
36
Q

Glucagon Release Influences

A
  • Increased glycogenolysis
  • Increased gluconeogenesis
  • Increased lipolysis
37
Q

Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)

A
  • Increase breakdown & release of energy stores
  • Regulate BMR
38
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • Activated by SYNS
  • Increased glucagon secretion
  • Decreased insulin secretion
  • Release of stored fuel
39
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Release of fuel stores during stress

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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