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1020 Human Physiology > Module 15 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 15 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mouth Function

A
  • Breakdown of food through chewing (mastication)
  • Chemical breakdown through saliva
  • Forms bolus
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2
Q

Saliva Composition

A
  • Majority water
  • Some ions & protein
  • Under ANS control
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3
Q

Saliva Function

A
  • Lubrication of food bolus
  • Beings digestion carbs via salivary amylase enzyme
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4
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
  • Produce 2L/day each
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5
Q

Esophagus Function

A
  • Connects mouth & pharynx to stomach
  • Straight muscular tube
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6
Q

Stomach Function

A
  • Stores, mixes & digests some food
  • Delivers food to small intestine
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7
Q

Liver Function

A
  • Produces & secretes bile
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8
Q

Gallbladder Function

A
  • Stores & concentrates bile
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9
Q

Pancreas Function

A
  • Secretes digestive enzymes, hormones, HCO3-
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10
Q

Small Intestine Function

A
  • Digestion & absorption of majority of food particles
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11
Q

Large Intestine Function

A
  • Stores & concentrates undigested material
  • Absorbs salt & water
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12
Q

Rectum Function

A
  • Triggering of defecation reflex
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13
Q

GI System Processes

A
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Motility
  • Excretion
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14
Q

Secretion

A
  • Release of digestive fluids into lumen of GI tract
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15
Q

Digestion

A
  • Breakdown of food into small molecules
  • By digestive enzymes
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16
Q

Absorption

A
  • Small molecules taken up by circulatory system
  • Distributed throughout body
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17
Q

Motility

A
  • Movement of food through system
  • Contraction of smooth muscle lining
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18
Q

Excretion

A
  • Removal of unwanted waste products
  • After wanted material is reabsorbed
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19
Q

Swallowing Process

A
  • Food bolus pushed to back of tongue
  • Triggers swallow reflex
  • Uvula of soft palate closes over nasopharynx
  • Larynx lifted by neck muscles
  • Epiglottis bends over glottis, covering larynx
  • Bolus moves down esophagus
  • Through cardiac orifice
  • Into stomach by peristalsis
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20
Q

Peristalsis

A
  • Wave of smooth muscle contractions
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21
Q

Stomach Areas

A
  • Fundus, upper
  • Body, middle (largest)
  • Antrum/pylorus, lower
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22
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A
  • Distal portion
  • Regulates emptying of stomach into small intestine (duodenum)
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23
Q

Empty Stomach

A
  • Folds (rugae)
  • Increase surface area
  • Allow for expansion when food comes
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24
Q

Stomach Digestion

A
  • Proteins begin process by pepsin enzyme
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25
Stomach Absorption
- Alcohol & aspirin
26
Peristaltic Contraction
- Activates mixing of chyme - Move chyme through pyloric sphincter into small intestine
27
Motility
- Muscle activity moving substances through tract
28
Mucus
- Secreted by cells in body & antrum of stomach - Protects smooth muscle lining from HCl
29
HCl Function
- Unfolds complex protein & connective tissue - Kills bacteria - Activates conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
30
Pesinogen (Pepsin)
- Secreted by stomach body cells - Active enzyme pepsin breaks down large proteins
31
Intrinsic Factor
- Vitamin B12 absorption
32
Pancreas Functions
- Exocrine, digestion - Endocrine, glucose homeostasis
33
Excorine Process
- Secreted into pancreatic duct - Merges with common bile duct - Enters duodenum
34
Pancreas Products
- Amylase (carbohydrate-digesting enzyme) - Trypsin, chymotrypsin, proteases (protein digesting enzymes) - Lipase (fat-digesting enzyme)
35
Pancreas Secretion
- Sodium bicarbonate
36
Pancreatic Amylase
- Digest starch (polysaccharide) to maltose (disaccharide)
37
Small Intestine Segments
- Duodenum (1st, shortest) - Jejunum (2nd) - Ileum (3rd, longest)
38
Ileocecal Sphincter
- End of small intestine - Empty into ascending colon of large intestine
39
Inner Wall
- Composed of folds - Contain villi (projections) - Large surface area for food contact
40
Villi
- Contain capillary network - Lymphatic lacteal
41
Epithelial Cells
- Secrete digestive enzymes - Cover villi - Microvilli (lumen facing) forming bush border
42
Small Intestine Function
- Majority of digestion & reabsorption (duodenum & jejunum)
43
Small Intestine Absorption
- Digestive material to circulatory & lymphatic systems
44
Enhancement of Absorption
- Large surface area (villi lining) - Large blood supply - Motility
45
Small Intestine Digestion
- Digestive enzymes, pancreas & epithelial cells - Bile
46
Large Intestine Structure
- Begins at ileocecal valve - Connects to small intestine via ileum - Ascending, longitudinal, descending limb - Curved sigmoid section - Rectum ending at anus - Larger diameter than small intestine - Lacks folds - Smaller villi
47
Large Intestine Functions
- Water & electrolyte absorption - Mucus secretion - Digestion (small amount) - Store & concentrate feces
48
Water & Electrolyte Absorption
- Na+ active transport - Water osmosis
49
Mucus Secretion
- Protects lining from chemical & mechanical damage - Lubricates forming feces - K+ & HCO3- secreted into colon
50
Digestion (Large Intestine)
- Undigested polysaccharides metabolized into free fatty acids (bacteria) - Bacteria produce gas (flatus) - Vitamin K for blood coagulation
51
Carbohydrate Types
- Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides
52
Monosaccharides
- Single building block - Glucose, fructose, galactose
53
Disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides - Maltose, lactose, sucrose
54
Polysaccharides
- 3+ building blocks - Starch, glycogen
55
Carb Digestion Mouth
- Starting point - Salivary amylase - Break up large polysaccharides
56
Carb Digestion Stomach
- None - Acidic environment
57
Carb Digestion Small Intestine
- Pancreatic amylase into duodenum, digest polysaccharide to disaccharide - Pancreas secretes HCO3- to neutralize stomach acid - Disaccharides require specific enzymes to break down
58
Small Intestine Enzyme Location
- Bush border of microvilli - Intestinal epithelial cells
59
Lactose Intolerance
- Inability to digest lactose - No/little lactase enzyme
60
Carb Absorption
- Na+/K+ pump on basal side of intestinal epithelial cells - Establish Na+ gradient (high outside) - Powering Na+/glucose co-transporter on luminal side - Moves glucose into cell - Glucose diffuse out basal side via facilitated diffusion
61
Protein Composition
- Long linked amino acid chains - Different enzymes required for different amino acid groups - Must be broken into building blocks before absorption
62
Protein Digestion Stomach
- Beginning - HCl converts pepsinogen to active pepsin - HCl aids to uncoil proteins to give pepsin access - Pepsin digests protein chains into polypeptides - Polypeptides pass through pyloric sphincter
63
Protein Digestion Small Intestine
- HCO3- neutralized acidic stomach chyme - Pepsin becomes inactive - Trypsin & chymotrypsin (pancreatic enzymes) continue digestion - Proteases enzymes continue process
64
Proteases Enzymes
- Produced in pancreas - Secreted into small intestine - Brush border of intestinal epithelial cells
65
Proteases Enzyme Classes
- Endopeptidases, break bonds between amino acids (inner) - Exopeptidases, break bonds at ends of amino acid (outer)
66
Protein Absorption
- After proteins broken into single amino acids - Na+/K+ pump on basal side of intestinal epithelial cells - Establish Na+ gradient (high outside) - Powering Na+/amino acid co-transporter on luminal cell - Moving amino acids into cell - Remaining small peptides absorbed by endocytosis
67
Fat/Lipids Composition
- Phospholipids, cholesterol - Not water soluble, don't mix with water
68
Emulsification
- Churning action of stomach - Breaks down large fat drops to aid enzymes with digestion
69
Bile
- Product of liver - Transported to gallbladder (stored & concentrated) - Not an enzyme - Composed of water, bile salt, ions, fatty acids
70
Bile Function
- Released into duodenum - Bile salts keep lipid drops emulsified - Preventing formation of large droplets
71
Colipase
- Protein - From pancreas - Allows lipase to gain access to interior of fat droplet
72
Lipase Enzyme
- Digestion of lipids from interior
73
Fat Digestion
- Pancreatic lipase attacks phospholipids & removes 2 chains - Monoglyceride remains - Lipase works from interior to shrink droplets - Droplets form micelles
74
Micelles
- Single layer of bile salts - Surrounding small lipid droplet - Ferry droplets to intestinal epithelial cells for absorption
75
Absorption Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides
- Lipid soluble - Diffuse through cell membrane - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Combine with cholesterol & proteins to form chylomicrons
76
Chylomicrons
- Packaged into secretory vessels by Golgi apparatus - Enter lacteals of lymphatic system
77
Absorption of Cholesterol
- Specific active transport system
78
Absorption of Bile Salts
- Left behind after lipid absorption - Reabsorbed by transport system in ileum cells - Returned to liver to be reused
79
Lipid Soluble Vitamins
- Diffuse through cell membrane - Absorbed like fats - Vitamins A, D, E, K
80
Water Soluble Vitamins
- Absorbed by carrier-mediated mechanisms - Require Na+ concentration gradient & co-transporter - Vitamins B, C, folic acid, niacin
81
Water Production
- 80% water in saliva & digestive enzymes - 20% water & food
82
Water Absorption
- Small Intestine, high - Large intestine, low
83
Water Absorption Process
- Osmotic gradient forms as other solutes are absorbed - Epithelial cells develop higher solute concentration - Water flows into cells via osmosis - As solutes move out of cell, water follows
84
Absorption of Na+
- Na+/K+ pump on basal lateral surface - Establish Na+ gradient (high outside) - Na+ move into cell from lumen - Na+ absorbed with carbs & amino acids
85
Absorption K+
- Passively absorbed - Concentration gradient forms as solutes are absorbed - High concentration in lumen - Passive diffusion into cells
86
Unregulated Processes
- Digestion - Absorption
87
Regulated Processes
- Motility - Enzyme secretion
88
Hormonal Regulation
- Release of chemicals from intestinal cells - Response mechanical stimulation/neural activation
89
Neural Regulation
- Enteric NS, division of ANS
90
Enteric NS
- Sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions can influence digestive activity - Altering activity of enteric nerves
91
ENS Nerve Effects
- Smooth muscle walls - Enzyme-secreting cells - Endocrine cells - Blood vessels
92
PSYN Alteration
- Increase gastric motility & secretions - Production of watery saliva
93
SYN Alteration
- Decreases gastric motility - Secretes thick saliva (dry mouth)
94
ENS Short Loop
- Begins with mechanical distension/chemical changes - Changes detected by sensors of ENS creating reflex - Activating effector organs - Causing release of enzymes/altering motility
95
ENS Long Loop
- Stimulated by sight/smell of food - Detected by sensors (eyes/nose) - Send signals through PSYN to ENS - Alter enzyme release/motility
96
Interstitial Cells
- Smooth muscle cells - Surrounding tract - Alter own membrane potentials - Producing BERS
97
BER Membrane Potential
- Does not meet threshold - Need additional stimulus
98
BER Frequencies
- Stomach 3/min - Duodenum 12/min
99
Secretin Hormone
- Presence of acid - Inhibits stomach emptying - Causes release of HCO3- & bile - Neutralizing acid for optimal enzyme function
100
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Presence of fats - Slows emptying of stomach - Releasing enzymes & bile
101
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
- Response to glucose & amino acids - Stimulates insulin release - May inhibit stomach emptying
102
Gastrin Hormone
- Secreted by G cells in stomach antrum - Response to proteins, mechanical distention & PSYN - Secrete HCl to convert pepsinogen to pepsin
103
Gastric Acid Phases
- Cephalic, brain - Gastric, stomach - Intestinal, intestine
104
Cephalic Phase
- Increase gastric acid secretion - Response to sight, smell, taste, chewing - Anticipatory response - Activating ENS, long loop
105
Cephalic Phase Effects
- Parietal cells release HCl - G cells release gastrin - Increased stomach motility
106
Gastric Phase
- Presence of food/amino acids in stomach - Triggering ENS - Short loop
107
Gastric Phase Effects
- Release of HCl - Release of gastrin - Release of pepsinogen - Increased gastric motility
108
Intestinal Phase
- Presence of glucose, fat, acidic chyme - Activating ENS - CCK, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
109
Intestinal Phase Effects
- Decreased motility - Inhibit secretions in stomach

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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