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1020 Human Physiology > Module 11 - Renal System > Flashcards

Module 11 - Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis Control

A
  • Blood volume
  • Hydration
  • Body temp
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2
Q

TBW Distribution

A
  • Intracellular 67%
  • Interstitial 26%
  • Plasma 7%
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3
Q

Renal System Regulation

A
  • Water balance
  • Electrolyte levels
  • Blood pH
  • Arterial pressure (long-term)
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4
Q

Kidney Functions

A
  • Remove nonessential substances
  • Recover essential substances
  • Producing hormones/components of hormonal systems
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5
Q

Kidney Anatomy

A
  • Outer renal cortex
  • Middle renal medulla
  • Inner calyces
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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6
Q

Inner Calyces

A
  • Collect waste from collecting ducts (nephron)
  • Drain into renal pelvis
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7
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • Collects urine
  • Drains into ureter
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8
Q

Nephron Anatomy

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal tubule
  • Descending limb of loop of henle
  • Ascending limb of loop of henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
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9
Q

Nephron Functions

A
  • Filter blood
  • Reabsorb essential substances
  • Excrete nonessential molecules & waste
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10
Q

Kidney Blood Flow

A
  • Renal artery
  • Interlobar arteries
  • Arcuate arteries
  • Interlobular arteries
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus (FILTRATION)
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Interlobular vein
  • Arcuate vein
  • Renal vein
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11
Q

Filtrate

A
  • Solution created by filtration
  • Composed of water & all dissolved solutes in blood
  • No large proteins
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12
Q

Nephron Processes

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion
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13
Q

Nephron Filtration

A
  • Movement of fluid through glomerular capillary
  • Due to hydrostatic pressures
  • Creates filtrate
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14
Q

Nephron Reabsorption

A
  • Movement of substance from nephron (lumen) back into blood
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15
Q

Nephron Secretion

A
  • Movement of substance from blood into nephron (lumen)
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16
Q

Nephron Excretion

A
  • Removal of substance from body
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17
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • Flow of fluid filtered from blood into glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)
  • Filtered fluid (filtrate) enters capsular space
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18
Q

Glomerular Filtration Factors

A
  • Extremely permeable capillaries (glomerulus)
  • Stirling forces
  • Many fenestrations
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19
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure of Glomerular Capillary

A
  • Causes filtration
  • Fluid moves into glomerular capsule
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20
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Glomerular Capillary

A
  • Causes reabsorption
  • Fluid moves into plasma
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21
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure of Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • Causes Reabsorption
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22
Q

Colloid Osmotic Force of Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • Causes filtration
  • Presence of proteins in glomerular space
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23
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A
  • Volume of fluid filtered by glomerulus during certain period
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24
Q

Filtered Load

A
  • Amount of substance filtered by kidneys per day
    = GFR x plasma concentration of substance
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25
Q

Amount Excreted Equation

A

= urine concentration x water excreted per day (1.8L)

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26
Q

Amount Reabsorbed Equation

A

= filtered load – amount excreted

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27
Q

Fraction Excreted Equation

A

= (amount excreted/filtered load) x 100

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28
Q

Tubular Transport Mechanisms

A
  • Active transport
  • Secondary active transport
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Simple diffusion
  • Osmosis
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29
Q

Proximal Tubule Reabsorbed Substances

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Cl-
  • HCO3-
  • H2O
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30
Q

Proximal Tubule Secreted Substances

A
  • H+
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31
Q

Descending Limb Reabsorbed Substances

A
  • H2O
32
Q

Descending Limb Secreted Substances

A
  • Nothing
33
Q

Ascending Limb Reabsorbed Substances

A
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Cl-
34
Q

Ascending Limb Secreted Substances

A
  • K+
  • H+
35
Q

Distal Tubule Reabsorbed Substances

A
  • Na+
  • HCO3-
  • H2O
36
Q

Distal Tubule Secreted Substances

A
  • Na+
  • H+
37
Q

Collecting Duct Reabsorbed Substances

A
  • H2O
38
Q

Collecting Duct Secreted Substances

A
  • Na+
  • H+
39
Q

Transcellular Transport

A
  • Regulated or non-regulated
  • Transport substances across tubular cell membranes
  • From lumen, into interstitial fluid, into blood
40
Q

Paracellular Transport

A
  • Non-regulated
  • Leaky (tight) junctions along nephron
  • Substances diffuse between tubular cells
41
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A
  • Uses concentration gradient established by Na+/K+ pump
  • Na+/glucose co-transporter
  • Na+/H+ exchanger
42
Q

Secretion

A
  • Kidneys remove unwanted substances from blood into nephron (lumen)
  • Generally, hormonally regulated
  • Secreted substances are excreted in urine
43
Q

Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Na+, Glucose, Amino Acids)

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Na+/glucose co-transporter
  • Na+/H+ exchanger
  • Na+/amino acid co-transporter
44
Q

Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (H2O)

A
  • Reabsorbed after Na+, glucose, amino acids
  • Osmotic gradient established with solute reabsorption
  • Aquaporins (special water channels)
  • Paracellular & transcellular transport
45
Q

Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (K+)

A
  • Absorbs majority of K+
  • Paracellular transport
  • Unregulated
  • Solvent drag
  • Simple diffusion
46
Q

Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Cl-)

A
  • Transcellular transport
47
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Nephron unable to reabsorb all glucose
  • Glucose excreted in urine
  • Lack of insulin
48
Q

Concentration of Filtrate

A
  • 290-300mOsm/kg of water
  • Volume difference
49
Q

Descending Limb Permeability

A
  • High to water
  • Low to ions
50
Q

Ascending Limb Permeability

A
  • Low to water
  • High to K+, Na+, Cl-
51
Q

Reabsorption Mechanisms Descending Limb

A
  • Osmosis
52
Q

Reabsorption Mechanisms Ascending Limb

A
  • Na+/K+ pump creates concentration gradient
  • Special co-transporter (Na+, K+, Cl-)
53
Q

Secretion Mechanisms Ascending Limb

A
  • Simple diffusion (leaky channels)
  • Na+/H+ exchanger
54
Q

Reabsorption Na+ Distal Tubule

A
  • Regulated by aldosterone
  • Na+/K+ pump activity increase
  • More Na+ channels on luminal membrane side
55
Q

Reabsorption H2O Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • Controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Depends on hydration level
56
Q

Secretion K+ Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • Response to aldosterone
  • Increases activity of Na+/K+ pump
  • Increases number of K+ channels in luminal membrane
57
Q

Reabsorption Collecting Duct (Na+)

A
  • Controlled by aldosterone
  • Reabsorbs low amount
58
Q

Reabsorption Collecting Duct (H2O)

A
  • Depends on ADH
  • Reabsorbs low amount
59
Q

Secretion Collecting Duct (K+)

A
  • Controlled by aldosterone
  • Increases Na+/K+ pump activity on basal side
  • Make more K+ channels on luminal side
60
Q

Water Balance

A
  • Regulated by ADH
  • Relies on negative feedback
61
Q

Osmoreceptors

A
  • Sensor in negative feedback system of water regulation
  • Located in hypothalamus
  • Respond to changes in body fluid concentrations
62
Q

Dehydration

A
  • Osmoreceptors lose water via osmosis & shrink
  • Release of ADH
  • Kidneys reabsorb water from distal tubule & collecting ducts
63
Q

Overhydration

A
  • Osmoreceptors swell
  • Less ADH released
  • Kidneys reabsorb less water from distal tubule & collecting duct
  • More water excreted in urine
64
Q

Dehydration Effects

A
  • Lower blood volume
  • Lower BP
65
Q

Overhydration Effects

A
  • Increase in blood volume
  • Increase BP
66
Q

Volume Receptors

A
  • Located in left atrium
  • Detect change in blood volume
  • Control release of ADH
67
Q

ADH Release

A
  • Stimulates aquaporin formation
  • Water reabsorbed via osmosis
68
Q

Sodium Balance

A
  • Regulated by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) & aldosterone
69
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Produced by adrenal glands
  • Responses to low Na+ or high K+ levels
  • Responds to angiotensin II
  • Responds to adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
70
Q

Aldosterone Effects

A
  • Tubule cells produce more Na+ & K+ channels
  • Increases activity of Na+/K+ pump
71
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

A
  • Regulates Na+ balance
  • Increase reabsorption of Na+ in proximal tubule
  • Conversion of angiotensinogen to ang II
72
Q

Angiotensinogen

A
  • Reacts with renin
  • Produced in liver
  • Convert angiotensinogen to ang I
73
Q

Ang I

A
  • Converted to ang II
  • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced in lungs
74
Q

Ang II

A
  • Increases Na+ reabsorption
  • Proximal tubule & ascending loop
  • Increase activity of Na+/H+ exchanger
  • Stimulates secretion of aldosterone
  • Increase BP (potent vasoconstrictor)
  • Thirst sensation (increase blood volume)
  • Absorption of H2O & Na+ from GI tract
75
Q

Renin

A
  • Produced by juxtaglomerular cells
  • Na+ reabsorption via RAS

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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