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1020 Human Physiology > Module 11 - Renal System > Flashcards

Module 11 - Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis Control

A
  • Blood volume
  • Hydration
  • Body temp
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2
Q

TBW Distribution

A
  • Intracellular 67%
  • Interstitial 26%
  • Plasma 7%
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3
Q

Renal System Regulation

A
  • Water balance
  • Electrolyte levels
  • Blood pH
  • Arterial pressure (long-term)
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4
Q

Kidney Functions

A
  • Remove nonessential substances
  • Recover essential substances
  • Producing hormones/components of hormonal systems
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5
Q

Kidney Anatomy

A
  • Outer renal cortex
  • Middle renal medulla
  • Inner calyces
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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6
Q

Inner Calyces

A
  • Collect waste from collecting ducts (nephron)
  • Drain into renal pelvis
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7
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • Collects urine
  • Drains into ureter
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8
Q

Nephron Anatomy

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal tubule
  • Descending limb of loop of henle
  • Ascending limb of loop of henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
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9
Q

Nephron Functions

A
  • Filter blood
  • Reabsorb essential substances
  • Excrete nonessential molecules & waste
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10
Q

Kidney Blood Flow

A
  • Renal artery
  • Interlobar arteries
  • Arcuate arteries
  • Interlobular arteries
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus (FILTRATION)
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Interlobular vein
  • Arcuate vein
  • Renal vein
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11
Q

Filtrate

A
  • Solution created by filtration
  • Composed of water & all dissolved solutes in blood
  • No large proteins
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12
Q

Nephron Processes

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion
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13
Q

Nephron Filtration

A
  • Movement of fluid through glomerular capillary
  • Due to hydrostatic pressures
  • Creates filtrate
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14
Q

Nephron Reabsorption

A
  • Movement of substance from nephron (lumen) back into blood
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15
Q

Nephron Secretion

A
  • Movement of substance from blood into nephron (lumen)
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16
Q

Nephron Excretion

A
  • Removal of substance from body
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17
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • Flow of fluid filtered from blood into glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)
  • Filtered fluid (filtrate) enters capsular space
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18
Q

Glomerular Filtration Factors

A
  • Extremely permeable capillaries (glomerulus)
  • Stirling forces
  • Many fenestrations
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19
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure of Glomerular Capillary

A
  • Causes filtration
  • Fluid moves into glomerular capsule
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20
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Glomerular Capillary

A
  • Causes reabsorption
  • Fluid moves into plasma
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21
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure of Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • Causes Reabsorption
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22
Q

Colloid Osmotic Force of Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • Causes filtration
  • Presence of proteins in glomerular space
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23
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A
  • Volume of fluid filtered by glomerulus during certain period
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24
Q

Filtered Load

A
  • Amount of substance filtered by kidneys per day
    = GFR x plasma concentration of substance
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25
Amount Excreted Equation
= urine concentration x water excreted per day (1.8L)
26
Amount Reabsorbed Equation
= filtered load – amount excreted
27
Fraction Excreted Equation
= (amount excreted/filtered load) x 100
28
Tubular Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport - Secondary active transport - Facilitated diffusion - Simple diffusion - Osmosis
29
Proximal Tubule Reabsorbed Substances
- Glucose - Amino acids - Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - H2O
30
Proximal Tubule Secreted Substances
- H+
31
Descending Limb Reabsorbed Substances
- H2O
32
Descending Limb Secreted Substances
- Nothing
33
Ascending Limb Reabsorbed Substances
- Na+ - K+ - Cl-
34
Ascending Limb Secreted Substances
- K+ - H+
35
Distal Tubule Reabsorbed Substances
- Na+ - HCO3- - H2O
36
Distal Tubule Secreted Substances
- Na+ - H+
37
Collecting Duct Reabsorbed Substances
- H2O
38
Collecting Duct Secreted Substances
- Na+ - H+
39
Transcellular Transport
- Regulated or non-regulated - Transport substances across tubular cell membranes - From lumen, into interstitial fluid, into blood
40
Paracellular Transport
- Non-regulated - Leaky (tight) junctions along nephron - Substances diffuse between tubular cells
41
Secondary Active Transport
- Uses concentration gradient established by Na+/K+ pump - Na+/glucose co-transporter - Na+/H+ exchanger
42
Secretion
- Kidneys remove unwanted substances from blood into nephron (lumen) - Generally, hormonally regulated - Secreted substances are excreted in urine
43
Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Na+, Glucose, Amino Acids)
- Simple diffusion - Na+/glucose co-transporter - Na+/H+ exchanger - Na+/amino acid co-transporter
44
Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (H2O)
- Reabsorbed after Na+, glucose, amino acids - Osmotic gradient established with solute reabsorption - Aquaporins (special water channels) - Paracellular & transcellular transport
45
Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (K+)
- Absorbs majority of K+ - Paracellular transport - Unregulated - Solvent drag - Simple diffusion
46
Reabsorption Mechanisms Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Cl-)
- Transcellular transport
47
Diabetes Mellitus
- Nephron unable to reabsorb all glucose - Glucose excreted in urine - Lack of insulin
48
Concentration of Filtrate
- 290-300mOsm/kg of water - Volume difference
49
Descending Limb Permeability
- High to water - Low to ions
50
Ascending Limb Permeability
- Low to water - High to K+, Na+, Cl-
51
Reabsorption Mechanisms Descending Limb
- Osmosis
52
Reabsorption Mechanisms Ascending Limb
- Na+/K+ pump creates concentration gradient - Special co-transporter (Na+, K+, Cl-)
53
Secretion Mechanisms Ascending Limb
- Simple diffusion (leaky channels) - Na+/H+ exchanger
54
Reabsorption Na+ Distal Tubule
- Regulated by aldosterone - Na+/K+ pump activity increase - More Na+ channels on luminal membrane side
55
Reabsorption H2O Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Depends on hydration level
56
Secretion K+ Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Response to aldosterone - Increases activity of Na+/K+ pump - Increases number of K+ channels in luminal membrane
57
Reabsorption Collecting Duct (Na+)
- Controlled by aldosterone - Reabsorbs low amount
58
Reabsorption Collecting Duct (H2O)
- Depends on ADH - Reabsorbs low amount
59
Secretion Collecting Duct (K+)
- Controlled by aldosterone - Increases Na+/K+ pump activity on basal side - Make more K+ channels on luminal side
60
Water Balance
- Regulated by ADH - Relies on negative feedback
61
Osmoreceptors
- Sensor in negative feedback system of water regulation - Located in hypothalamus - Respond to changes in body fluid concentrations
62
Dehydration
- Osmoreceptors lose water via osmosis & shrink - Release of ADH - Kidneys reabsorb water from distal tubule & collecting ducts
63
Overhydration
- Osmoreceptors swell - Less ADH released - Kidneys reabsorb less water from distal tubule & collecting duct - More water excreted in urine
64
Dehydration Effects
- Lower blood volume - Lower BP
65
Overhydration Effects
- Increase in blood volume - Increase BP
66
Volume Receptors
- Located in left atrium - Detect change in blood volume - Control release of ADH
67
ADH Release
- Stimulates aquaporin formation - Water reabsorbed via osmosis
68
Sodium Balance
- Regulated by renin-angiotensin system (RAS) & aldosterone
69
Aldosterone
- Produced by adrenal glands - Responses to low Na+ or high K+ levels - Responds to angiotensin II - Responds to adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)
70
Aldosterone Effects
- Tubule cells produce more Na+ & K+ channels - Increases activity of Na+/K+ pump
71
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
- Regulates Na+ balance - Increase reabsorption of Na+ in proximal tubule - Conversion of angiotensinogen to ang II
72
Angiotensinogen
- Reacts with renin - Produced in liver - Convert angiotensinogen to ang I
73
Ang I
- Converted to ang II - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced in lungs
74
Ang II
- Increases Na+ reabsorption - Proximal tubule & ascending loop - Increase activity of Na+/H+ exchanger - Stimulates secretion of aldosterone - Increase BP (potent vasoconstrictor) - Thirst sensation (increase blood volume) - Absorption of H2O & Na+ from GI tract
75
Renin
- Produced by juxtaglomerular cells - Na+ reabsorption via RAS

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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