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1020 Human Physiology > Module 7 - Sensory System > Flashcards

Module 7 - Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptor

A
  • Detect changes in external environment
  • Appropriate reaction to maintain internal environment/homeostasis
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2
Q

Adequate Stimulus

A
  • Environmental stimulus receptor is most sensitive to
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3
Q

Receptor Potentials

A
  • Generally depolarizing, can be hyperpolarizing
  • Caused by increased permeability to Na+ (K+ in case of hyperpolarization)
  • Local, no propagation, decrease with time & distance from stimulus
  • Proportional to strength of stimulus
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4
Q

Somatosensory system

A
  • Detects & processes sensations of skin
  • Uses cutaneous receptors
  • Touch, vibration, pain & temperature
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5
Q

Hair Follicle

A
  • Receptors sensitive to touch & vibration
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6
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A
  • Respond to pain & temperature
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7
Q

Pacinian’s Corpuscles

A
  • Detect touch & high frequency vibrations
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8
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A
  • Detect low frequency vibrations
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9
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles

A
  • detect touch
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10
Q

Receptive Field

A
  • Surface area of skin
  • Adequate stimulus activates particular receptor
  • Action potential is fired
  • Any stimulus applied outside field doesn’t generate action potential
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11
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A
  • Transmits basic sensations, pain, temperature, touch
  • Synapse & cross to contralateral side occurs at base (place of occurrence)
  • Travels to somatosensory cortex
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12
Q

Dorsal Column

A
  • Transmits advanced sensations, fine touch proprioception & vibration
  • Synapse & cross to contralateral side occurs at top (travels up spinal cord first)
  • Travels to somatosensory cortex
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13
Q

Visual System

A
  • Detects light
  • Converts light to action potentials (photoreceptors of eye)
  • Sends information to primary visual areas for processing
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14
Q

Retina

A
  • Pigment layer back of eye, absorb excess light
  • Cells, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal & amacrine
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15
Q

Bipolar & Ganglion Cells of Retina

A
  • Integration of information from rods & cones
  • Fire action potentials
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16
Q

Rods

A
  • Sensitive to light
  • Function best in low light
  • Detect shades of grey (no color)
  • Located in region of retina outside & around fovea
  • 1 type of photopigment, chemical sensitive to light
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17
Q

Cones

A
  • Sensitive to color
  • Function best in bright light (detect detail)
  • 3 types of cells, different photo pigments (1 primary color)
  • Located in region of fovea (large concentration)
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18
Q

Rod & Cone Communication

A
  • Generate receptor potentials
  • Produce IPSP’s
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19
Q

Saccades (Eye Movement)

A
  • Jerky, rapid movement
  • Rapidly move eye to object of interest
20
Q

Smooth Pursuit (Eye Movement)

A
  • Keep moving object focused on fovea
  • smooth movement
21
Q

Vestibular Ocular Reflex VOR (Eye Movement)

A
  • Focus on object while moving head
  • Up/down & back/forth
22
Q

Vergences (Eye Movement)

A
  • Object of interest approaching (converge) or moving away (diverge)
23
Q

Inner Ear Components

A
  • vestibular apparatus (balance)
  • cochlea (process sound)
24
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • eardrum
  • ear ossicles
  • eustachian tube
25
Q

Types of Ear Ossicles

A
  • malleus
  • inous
  • stapes
26
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • ear (auricle)
  • external auditory canal
27
Q

Auditory System

A
  • Converts external soundwaves to action potentials
  • Travel to brain, auditory system
28
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • Converts soundwaves to action potentials by hair cells in tectorial membrane
29
Q

Basilar Membrane Structure

A
  • top of cochlea, wide, thin & loose tension
  • base near oval window, thick & tight tension
30
Q

Basilar Membrane Functions

A
  • Separates cochlear duct & tympanic duct
  • Soundwaves vibrate membrane, causing hair cells to bend
  • detect different frequencies through vibration
  • hearing of different frequencies through length & stiffness of hair cells
31
Q

Creation of Sound

A
  • Waves of air pressure hit parts of ear
  • Turn air pressure into electrical information
32
Q

Sound Frequency

A

Sound Frequency
- Number of waves per unit time
- High frequency = low pitch sound
- Low frequency = high pitch sound

33
Q

High Frequencies Stimulation

A
  • hair cells at base, near oval window
34
Q

Low Frequencies Stimulation

A
  • hair cells at top of cochlea
35
Q

Release of Neurotransmitter From Hair Cells

A
  • excites neurons of auditory nerve
  • fires action potentials
  • attain potentials from to auditory cortex in temporal lobe
36
Q

Sound Intensity

A

Sound Intensity
- Hight/amplitude of sound wave
- High amplitude = loud sound
- Low amplitude = quiet sound

37
Q

Changes to Sound Amplitude

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • incus, malleus & stapes (ear ossicles)
38
Q

Vestibular System

A
  • Located inner ear, next to cochlea
  • Responsible for maintaining balance, equilibrium & posture
  • Detects linear & rotational motion and position of head
  • Responsible for Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)
39
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A
  • 3 semicircular canals
  • 2 otolith organs
40
Q

Cupula Contribution to Balance

A
  • embeds cilia in semicircular canals
  • cilia pushed by movement
  • endolymph stimulate hair cells
41
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
  • Detect rotational accelerations & decelerations of head
  • filled with endolymph fluid
  • endolymph fluid bends hair cells
  • 3 per apparatus, one for each plane of movement
42
Q

Otolith Organ

A
  • detects linear accelerations & decelerations
  • position of head when tilted
  • Utricle & saccule act together to detect head tilts
  • hair cells, base anchored and cilia embedded in gelatinous membrane
43
Q

Utrcile (Otolith Organ)

A
  • detect horizontal accelerations & decelerations
44
Q

Saccule (Otolith Organ)

A
  • detects vertical accelerations & decelerations
45
Q

Hair Cells

A
  • process sound & balance
  • detect loudness/amplitude by weak/strong vibration
  • release neurotransmitter from base onto sensory nerve, generating action potentials
  • contain stereocilia for neural coding
46
Q

Acceleration

A
  • stereocilia bend toward kinocilium
  • more neurotransmitter release
  • more action potentials fired on sensory nerve
47
Q

Deceleration

A
  • stereocila bend away from kinocilcum
  • less neurotransmitter release
  • less action potentials fired on sensory nerve

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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