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1020 Human Physiology > Module 13 - Endocrine Sytem > Flashcards

Module 13 - Endocrine Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Functions

A
  • Maintenance of internal environment
  • Adaptation to stress
  • Control of growth & metabolism
  • Control of reproduction
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2
Q

Effects of Endocrine System

A
  • Slow speed
  • Travel through blood
  • Widespread throughout body
  • Indirectly effects many organs
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3
Q

Endocrine Gland

A
  • Group of specialized cells
  • Synthesize, store & release hormones
  • Into blood
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4
Q

Hormone

A
  • Released in blood stream
  • Specific target cells with receptors
  • Stimulate/inhibit cell activity
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5
Q

Glands of Body

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads (ovaries/testes)
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6
Q

Hormone Classes

A
  • Protein
  • Steroid
  • Thyroid
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7
Q

Protein Hormones

A
  • Hydrophilic
  • Precursor: amino acids
  • Free circulation
  • Can’t diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptors on outside of target cell
  • Rapid action
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8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Precursor: cholesterol
  • Require protein carrier
  • Released by protein carrier
  • Diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptors inside target cell
  • Slow action
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9
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Precursor: tyrosine
  • Require protein carrier
  • Released by protein carrier
  • Diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptors inside target cell
  • Slow action
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10
Q

Hydrophobic Hormone Binding

A
  • Receptor in cytoplasm/nucleus
  • Bind to DNA within nucleus
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11
Q

Hydrophilic Hormone Binding

A
  • Receptor on cell membrane
  • Sequence of chemical reactions
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12
Q

Tyrosine Kinase

A
  • Activated by receptor complex
  • Alters existing proteins inside cell
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13
Q

Types of Receptor Effects

A
  • Second messenger system
  • Tyrosine kinase
  • G-protein
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14
Q

Secondary Messenger Effect

A
  • Bind to receptor
  • G-protein inside membrane produces second messenger
  • Second messenger released into cytoplasm
  • Rapidly alter proteins inside cell
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15
Q

Hormone Removal

A
  • Metabolic destruction
  • Excretion by liver (bile)
  • Excretion by kidneys (urine)
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16
Q

Hypothalamus Homeostatic Mechanisms

A
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Regulation of water balance
  • Regulation of energy production
  • Behaviors of thrust, hunger, sexual drive
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17
Q

Hypothalamus Characteristics

A
  • Receives information from everywhere
  • Composed of groups of nerve cell bodies (nuclei)
  • Control release of hormones from pituitary gland
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18
Q

Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones

A
  • Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Composed of endocrine tissues
  • Hormone secretion into blood
  • Regulated by hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)
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20
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamus Communication

A
  • Secreting release/inhibiting hormones into portal system
  • Hormones travel to anterior pituitary
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21
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Axons & nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
  • Neurons produce neurohormones in hypothalamus
  • Response to action potentials
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22
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
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23
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Oxytocin
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24
Q

Pituitary Negative Feedback (Short Loop)

A
  • Releasing hormone (H1)
  • Anterior pituitary hormone (H2)
  • Decrease release of H1
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25
Pituitary Negative Feedback (Long Loop)
- Releasing Hormone (H1) - Anterior pituitary hormone (H2) - Hormone (H3) - Decrease release of H1
26
Pituitary Negative Feedback (Ultra Long Loop)
- Releasing Hormone (H1) - Anterior pituitary hormone (H2) - Hormone (H3) - Target tissues decrease release of H1
27
Thyroid Gland
- Composed of follicles (function unit) - Below larynx, sits over trachea
28
Follicles
- Central region: colloid (glycoprotein) - Surrounded by epithelial cells - Between parafollicular cells (C cells)
29
Thyroid Function
- Produce triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4) - Regulated basal metabolic rate
30
Thryoid Hormone Composition
- Composed from amino acid tyrosine - Contain iodine
31
Follicular Cells
- Produce protein hormone (calcitonin) - Decrease in calcium levels
32
T3 & T4 Production
- Combine iodine & tyrosine - Help of glycoprotein (thyroglobulin)
33
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Released from anterior pituitary - Bind to receptor on membrane of epithelial cell - Stimulating reactions
34
TSH Reactions
- Trapping & taking circulating iodine from hormones - Stimulating endocytosis of T3 & T4 into cells from colloid - Enzymatic removal of thyroglobulin - Stimulates thyroid growth (hyperplasia)
35
T3 & T4 Roles
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Development of nervous system within fetus - Alertness, responsiveness, emotional state
36
Hyperthyroidism
- Too much thyroid hormone - Increase HR - Sweating - Weight loss - Fidgeting - Anxiety - Hyperactive
37
Hypothyroidism
- Too little thyroid hormone - Decrease HR - Sensitive to cold - Weight gain - Fatigue - Depression
38
Hypothyroidism in Fetal Development
- Stunted mental & physical development - Dwarfism - Impaired neurological function
39
Goiter
- Disease causing thyroid gland enlargement - Too much TRH/TSH - Insufficient dietary iodine
40
Calcitonin
- Protein hormone - Secreted by parafollicular cells
41
Calcitonin Function
- Decrease high levels of Ca++ - Decrease number & activity of osteoclasts - Stimulates secretion of Ca++ in urine
42
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Secreted by parathyroid glands - Raises Ca++ levels - Antagonistic to calcitonin
43
Tyrosine Hormones
- Hydrophobic - Composed from amino acids - Require protein carrier for circulation - Can diffuse through membrane
44
Regulation of Secretion Thyroid Hormones
- T3 & T4 feedback to hypothalamus & pituitary - Inhibit release of TRH & TSH - Less T3 & T4 circulating in blood
45
Excess TRH/TSH
- Hypothalamic tumor - Thyroid gland grows
46
Insufficient Iodine
- Unable to produce T3 & T4 - No negative feedback - Excess secretion of TRH/TSH
47
Adrenal Gland
- Rests on top of each kidney - Neural & glandular tissue - Secretes protein hormones, hydrophobic
48
Inner Medulla of Adrenal Gland
- Composed of neural tissue - Controlled by sympathetic NS
49
Outer Cortex of Adrenal Gland
- Endocrine nature - Controlled by pituitary hormones
50
Adrenal Cortex Contents
- Outer zona glomerulosa - Middle zona fasciculata - Zona reticularis
51
Outer Zona Glomerulosa
- Secretes aldosterone - Regulate mineral & fluid volume of kidney
52
Zona Fasciculata
- Secretes cortisol - Glucose metabolism
53
Inner Zona Reticularis
- Secretes androgens
54
Medulla
- Secretes epinephrine - Sympathetic NS control
55
Aldosterone Production
- Secreted by adrenal glands - Response to high K+/low NA+ - Response to Ang II & ACTH - Reabsorption of Na+
56
Androgens Production
- Secreted from zona reticularis - Response to ACTH
57
Cortisol
- Always secreted from adrenal glands (small) - Stress increases secretion - Steroid hormone, hydrophobic - Catabolic, molecule breakdown for energy - Protects against low blood glucose
58
Stress Stimulation
- Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin RH - Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH - ACTH stimulates production of all 3 adrenal hormones
59
Glucocorticoid
- Glucose metabolism - Steroid hormone - Released from adrenal gland cortex
60
Cortisol Effects on Liver
- Gluconeogenesis increase - Production of glucose from fats & amino acids
61
Cortisol Effects on Skeletal Muscle
- Protein catabolism - Decrease protein synthesis - Increase protein uptake - Decrease glucose uptake
62
Cortisol Effects on Adipose (Fat) Tissue
- Lipolysis - Decrease fat synthesis - Increase fat breakdown (lipolysis) - Increase fat deposits in cheeks & abdomen
63
Cortisol Effects on Immune System
- Immunosuppression - More susceptible to infection
64
Cushing's Syndrome
- Excess cortisol secretion - Elevated ACTH
65
Pancreas Composition
- Endocrine & exocrine tissue - Alpha, beta & delta cells
66
Endocrine Tissue
- Secretion of hormones into blood - Pancreatic islets - Alpha, beta, delta cells
67
Exocrine Tissue
- Secretion of chemicals through digestive tract - Pancreatic acinar cells & ducts
68
Insulin
- Protein hormone - Secreted by beta cells of pancreas - Lower blood glucose levels
69
Glucagon
- Protein hormone - Secreted by alpha cells - Raise blood glucose levels - Lower blood amino acid levels
70
Gluconeogenesis Process
- Caused by glucagon - Formation of new glucose from non-glucose fuel sources
71
Somatostatin (GHIH)
- Protein hormone - Secreted by delta cells of pancreas - Lower blood glucose, amino acid & blood born fats - Reduce insulin & glucagon secretion
72
Glycogenolysis
- Caused by glucagon - Breakdown of glycogen stores into glucose
73
Diabetes Mellitus
- Inability to produce insulin - Inability of target cells to react to insulin - Decrease in uptake & use of glucose
74
Type I Diabetes
- Damage of insulin-producing beta cells - Onset age 14 - Controlled through supplement insulin
75
Type II Diabetes
- Onset 40 - Insulin has little effect on cells - Beta cells become depleted from excess production - Controlled through diet & weight loss

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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