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1020 Human Physiology > Module 13 - Endocrine Sytem > Flashcards

Module 13 - Endocrine Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Functions

A
  • Maintenance of internal environment
  • Adaptation to stress
  • Control of growth & metabolism
  • Control of reproduction
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2
Q

Effects of Endocrine System

A
  • Slow speed
  • Travel through blood
  • Widespread throughout body
  • Indirectly effects many organs
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3
Q

Endocrine Gland

A
  • Group of specialized cells
  • Synthesize, store & release hormones
  • Into blood
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4
Q

Hormone

A
  • Released in blood stream
  • Specific target cells with receptors
  • Stimulate/inhibit cell activity
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5
Q

Glands of Body

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads (ovaries/testes)
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6
Q

Hormone Classes

A
  • Protein
  • Steroid
  • Thyroid
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7
Q

Protein Hormones

A
  • Hydrophilic
  • Precursor: amino acids
  • Free circulation
  • Can’t diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptors on outside of target cell
  • Rapid action
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8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Precursor: cholesterol
  • Require protein carrier
  • Released by protein carrier
  • Diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptors inside target cell
  • Slow action
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9
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Precursor: tyrosine
  • Require protein carrier
  • Released by protein carrier
  • Diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptors inside target cell
  • Slow action
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10
Q

Hydrophobic Hormone Binding

A
  • Receptor in cytoplasm/nucleus
  • Bind to DNA within nucleus
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11
Q

Hydrophilic Hormone Binding

A
  • Receptor on cell membrane
  • Sequence of chemical reactions
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12
Q

Tyrosine Kinase

A
  • Activated by receptor complex
  • Alters existing proteins inside cell
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13
Q

Types of Receptor Effects

A
  • Second messenger system
  • Tyrosine kinase
  • G-protein
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14
Q

Secondary Messenger Effect

A
  • Bind to receptor
  • G-protein inside membrane produces second messenger
  • Second messenger released into cytoplasm
  • Rapidly alter proteins inside cell
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15
Q

Hormone Removal

A
  • Metabolic destruction
  • Excretion by liver (bile)
  • Excretion by kidneys (urine)
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16
Q

Hypothalamus Homeostatic Mechanisms

A
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Regulation of water balance
  • Regulation of energy production
  • Behaviors of thrust, hunger, sexual drive
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17
Q

Hypothalamus Characteristics

A
  • Receives information from everywhere
  • Composed of groups of nerve cell bodies (nuclei)
  • Control release of hormones from pituitary gland
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18
Q

Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones

A
  • Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Composed of endocrine tissues
  • Hormone secretion into blood
  • Regulated by hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)
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20
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamus Communication

A
  • Secreting release/inhibiting hormones into portal system
  • Hormones travel to anterior pituitary
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21
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Axons & nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
  • Neurons produce neurohormones in hypothalamus
  • Response to action potentials
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22
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
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23
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Oxytocin
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24
Q

Pituitary Negative Feedback (Short Loop)

A
  • Releasing hormone (H1)
  • Anterior pituitary hormone (H2)
  • Decrease release of H1
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25
Q

Pituitary Negative Feedback (Long Loop)

A
  • Releasing Hormone (H1)
  • Anterior pituitary hormone (H2)
  • Hormone (H3)
  • Decrease release of H1
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26
Q

Pituitary Negative Feedback (Ultra Long Loop)

A
  • Releasing Hormone (H1)
  • Anterior pituitary hormone (H2)
  • Hormone (H3)
  • Target tissues decrease release of H1
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27
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • Composed of follicles (function unit)
  • Below larynx, sits over trachea
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28
Q

Follicles

A
  • Central region: colloid (glycoprotein)
  • Surrounded by epithelial cells
  • Between parafollicular cells (C cells)
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29
Q

Thyroid Function

A
  • Produce triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4)
  • Regulated basal metabolic rate
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30
Q

Thryoid Hormone Composition

A
  • Composed from amino acid tyrosine
  • Contain iodine
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31
Q

Follicular Cells

A
  • Produce protein hormone (calcitonin)
  • Decrease in calcium levels
32
Q

T3 & T4 Production

A
  • Combine iodine & tyrosine
  • Help of glycoprotein (thyroglobulin)
33
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • Released from anterior pituitary
  • Bind to receptor on membrane of epithelial cell
  • Stimulating reactions
34
Q

TSH Reactions

A
  • Trapping & taking circulating iodine from hormones
  • Stimulating endocytosis of T3 & T4 into cells from colloid
  • Enzymatic removal of thyroglobulin
  • Stimulates thyroid growth (hyperplasia)
35
Q

T3 & T4 Roles

A
  • Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • Development of nervous system within fetus
  • Alertness, responsiveness, emotional state
36
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Too much thyroid hormone
  • Increase HR
  • Sweating
  • Weight loss
  • Fidgeting
  • Anxiety
  • Hyperactive
37
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Too little thyroid hormone
  • Decrease HR
  • Sensitive to cold
  • Weight gain
  • Fatigue
  • Depression
38
Q

Hypothyroidism in Fetal Development

A
  • Stunted mental & physical development
  • Dwarfism
  • Impaired neurological function
39
Q

Goiter

A
  • Disease causing thyroid gland enlargement
  • Too much TRH/TSH
  • Insufficient dietary iodine
40
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Protein hormone
  • Secreted by parafollicular cells
41
Q

Calcitonin Function

A
  • Decrease high levels of Ca++
  • Decrease number & activity of osteoclasts
  • Stimulates secretion of Ca++ in urine
42
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Secreted by parathyroid glands
  • Raises Ca++ levels
  • Antagonistic to calcitonin
43
Q

Tyrosine Hormones

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Composed from amino acids
  • Require protein carrier for circulation
  • Can diffuse through membrane
44
Q

Regulation of Secretion Thyroid Hormones

A
  • T3 & T4 feedback to hypothalamus & pituitary
  • Inhibit release of TRH & TSH
  • Less T3 & T4 circulating in blood
45
Q

Excess TRH/TSH

A
  • Hypothalamic tumor
  • Thyroid gland grows
46
Q

Insufficient Iodine

A
  • Unable to produce T3 & T4
  • No negative feedback
  • Excess secretion of TRH/TSH
47
Q

Adrenal Gland

A
  • Rests on top of each kidney
  • Neural & glandular tissue
  • Secretes protein hormones, hydrophobic
48
Q

Inner Medulla of Adrenal Gland

A
  • Composed of neural tissue
  • Controlled by sympathetic NS
49
Q

Outer Cortex of Adrenal Gland

A
  • Endocrine nature
  • Controlled by pituitary hormones
50
Q

Adrenal Cortex Contents

A
  • Outer zona glomerulosa
  • Middle zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
51
Q

Outer Zona Glomerulosa

A
  • Secretes aldosterone
  • Regulate mineral & fluid volume of kidney
52
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A
  • Secretes cortisol
  • Glucose metabolism
53
Q

Inner Zona Reticularis

A
  • Secretes androgens
54
Q

Medulla

A
  • Secretes epinephrine
  • Sympathetic NS control
55
Q

Aldosterone Production

A
  • Secreted by adrenal glands
  • Response to high K+/low NA+
  • Response to Ang II & ACTH
  • Reabsorption of Na+
56
Q

Androgens Production

A
  • Secreted from zona reticularis
  • Response to ACTH
57
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Always secreted from adrenal glands (small)
  • Stress increases secretion
  • Steroid hormone, hydrophobic
  • Catabolic, molecule breakdown for energy
  • Protects against low blood glucose
58
Q

Stress Stimulation

A
  • Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin RH
  • Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
  • ACTH stimulates production of all 3 adrenal hormones
59
Q

Glucocorticoid

A
  • Glucose metabolism
  • Steroid hormone
  • Released from adrenal gland cortex
60
Q

Cortisol Effects on Liver

A
  • Gluconeogenesis increase
  • Production of glucose from fats & amino acids
61
Q

Cortisol Effects on Skeletal Muscle

A
  • Protein catabolism
  • Decrease protein synthesis
  • Increase protein uptake
  • Decrease glucose uptake
62
Q

Cortisol Effects on Adipose (Fat) Tissue

A
  • Lipolysis
  • Decrease fat synthesis
  • Increase fat breakdown (lipolysis)
  • Increase fat deposits in cheeks & abdomen
63
Q

Cortisol Effects on Immune System

A
  • Immunosuppression
  • More susceptible to infection
64
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A
  • Excess cortisol secretion
  • Elevated ACTH
65
Q

Pancreas Composition

A
  • Endocrine & exocrine tissue
  • Alpha, beta & delta cells
66
Q

Endocrine Tissue

A
  • Secretion of hormones into blood
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Alpha, beta, delta cells
67
Q

Exocrine Tissue

A
  • Secretion of chemicals through digestive tract
  • Pancreatic acinar cells & ducts
68
Q

Insulin

A
  • Protein hormone
  • Secreted by beta cells of pancreas
  • Lower blood glucose levels
69
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Protein hormone
  • Secreted by alpha cells
  • Raise blood glucose levels
  • Lower blood amino acid levels
70
Q

Gluconeogenesis Process

A
  • Caused by glucagon
  • Formation of new glucose from non-glucose fuel sources
71
Q

Somatostatin (GHIH)

A
  • Protein hormone
  • Secreted by delta cells of pancreas
  • Lower blood glucose, amino acid & blood born fats
  • Reduce insulin & glucagon secretion
72
Q

Glycogenolysis

A
  • Caused by glucagon
  • Breakdown of glycogen stores into glucose
73
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Inability to produce insulin
  • Inability of target cells to react to insulin
  • Decrease in uptake & use of glucose
74
Q

Type I Diabetes

A
  • Damage of insulin-producing beta cells
  • Onset age 14
  • Controlled through supplement insulin
75
Q

Type II Diabetes

A
  • Onset 40
  • Insulin has little effect on cells
  • Beta cells become depleted from excess production
  • Controlled through diet & weight loss

1020 Human Physiology (16 decks)

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