Module 9

Question 1

Freud’s levels of consciousness

Answer 1

id (I want to do that now),
superego (it’s not right to do that),
ego (maybe we can compromise)

Question 2

Neurosis

Answer 2

a tendency to experience negative emotions

Question 3

Defense mechanisms

Answer 3

unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety

Question 4

Reaction formation

Answer 4

someone expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations

Question 5

Oedipus/electra complex

Answer 5

Oedipus complex: involves a boy’s desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father

Electra complex: a girl desires the attention of her father and wishes to take her mother’s place

Question 6

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

Answer 6

0-1 Trust vs. mistrust
1-3 Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
3-6 Initiative vs. guilt
7-11 Industry vs. inferiority
12–18 Identity vs. confusion
19–29 Intimacy vs. isolation
30–64 Generativity vs. stagnation
65+ Integrity vs. despair

Question 7

Analytical psychology

Answer 7

Carl Jung; working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought, and experience within one’s personality

Question 8

Collective conscious

Answer 8

Carl Jung; a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

Question 9

Karen Horney’s 3 coping styles

Answer 9

moving toward people, moving against people, moving away from people

Question 10

Social-cognitive theory

Answer 10

Bandura; emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality; concepts of reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy

Question 11

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 11

Bandura; cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact

Question 12

Self-efficacy

Answer 12

Bandura; our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences

Question 13

Locus of control

Answer 13

Julian Rotter; refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives; internal or external

Question 14

Selective migration

Answer 14

the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

Question 15

Indigenous approach

Answer 15

led to the development of personality assessment instruments that are based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied

Question 16

Combined approach

Answer 16

serves as a bridge between Western and indigenous psychology as a way of understanding both universal and cultural variations in personality