Module 8 Flashcards
Cognitive development
involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Psychosocial development
involves emotions, personality, and social relationships
Physical development
involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
Psychosexual development
Freud; five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Psychosocial development
Erik Erikson; eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood; at each stage there is a conflict, or task, that we need to resolve
Cognitive theory
Piaget; thinking is a central aspect of development and children are naturally inquisitive; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Assimilation
when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know
Accommodation
when they change their schemata based on new information
Conservation
the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
Theory of moral development
Kohlberg; moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages
Stages of moral reasoning
pre-conventional morality (before age 9),
conventional morality (early adolescence), and
post-conventional morality (once formal operational thought is attained), which only a few fully achieve
3 stages of prenatal development
germinal (weeks 1-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (weeks 9-40)
Zygote
a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
Embryo
multi-cellular organism implanted in the uterus
Teratogen
any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
Critical or sensitive period
each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy
Fine motor skills
focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
Gross motor skills
focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements
Theory-of-mind
children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own
Secure attachment
the toddler prefers his parent over a stranger; have caregivers who are sensitive and responsive to their needs
Avoidant attachment
the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not care if the parent leaves; have a caregiver who was insensitive and inattentive to their needs
Resistant attachment
children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them; caregivers’ inconsistent level of response to their child
Disorganized attachment
freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns; seen most often in kids who have been abused
Authoritative style
the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view
Socioemotional selectivity theory
suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years
