Module 8

Question 1

Cognitive development

Answer 1

involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Question 2

Psychosocial development

Answer 2

involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

Question 3

Physical development

Answer 3

involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

Question 4

Normative approach

Answer 4

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

Question 5

Psychosexual development

Answer 5

Freud; five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 6

Psychosocial development

Answer 6

Erik Erikson; eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood; at each stage there is a conflict, or task, that we need to resolve

Question 7

Cognitive theory

Answer 7

Piaget; thinking is a central aspect of development and children are naturally inquisitive; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know

Question 9

Accommodation

Answer 9

when they change their schemata based on new information

Question 10

Conservation

Answer 10

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Question 11

Theory of moral development

Answer 11

Kohlberg; moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages

Question 12

Stages of moral reasoning

Answer 12

pre-conventional morality (before age 9),
conventional morality (early adolescence), and
post-conventional morality (once formal operational thought is attained), which only a few fully achieve

Question 13

3 stages of prenatal development

Answer 13

germinal (weeks 1-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (weeks 9-40)

Question 14

Zygote

Answer 14

a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge

Question 15

Embryo

Answer 15

multi-cellular organism implanted in the uterus

Question 16

Teratogen

Answer 16

any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Question 17

Critical or sensitive period

Answer 17

each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy

Question 18

Fine motor skills

Answer 18

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions

Question 19

Gross motor skills

Answer 19

focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements

Question 20

Theory-of-mind

Answer 20

children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own

Question 21

Secure attachment

Answer 21

the toddler prefers his parent over a stranger; have caregivers who are sensitive and responsive to their needs

Question 22

Avoidant attachment

Answer 22

the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not care if the parent leaves; have a caregiver who was insensitive and inattentive to their needs

Question 23

Resistant attachment

Answer 23

children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them; caregivers’ inconsistent level of response to their child

Question 24

Disorganized attachment

Answer 24

freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns; seen most often in kids who have been abused

Question 25

Authoritative style

Answer 25

the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view

Question 26

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 26

suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years