Module 10 Flashcards
Primary appraisal
looks at the stressor to see what damage it can cause
Secondary appraisal
looks at ways to handle the stressor (minimize symptoms)
Eustress
a good kind of stress
General adaptation syndrome
Hans Selye; the body’s nonspecific physiological response to stress; three stages: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion
Alarm reaction
describes the body’s immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency
Stage of resistance
the initial shock of alarm reaction has worn off and the body has adapted to the stressor
Stage of exhaustion
the person is no longer able to adapt to the stressor: the body’s ability to resist becomes depleted
Cortisol
commonly known as a stress hormone
Job burnout
3 dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, diminished personal accomplishment
Psychophysiological disorders
physical disorders or diseases whose symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors
Psychoneuroimmunology
studies how psychological factors such as stress influence the immune system and immune functioning
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate in the body’s fluids that are important in the immune response
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Lazarus and Folkman’s 2 kinds of coping
problem-focused and emotion-focused
Problem-focused coping
one attempts to manage or alter the problem that is causing one to experience stress
Emotion-focused coping
consists of efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress
Biofeedback
Gary Schwartz; uses electronic equipment to accurately measure a person’s neuromuscular and autonomic activity
3 elements of happiness
pleasant life, good life, meaningful life
Pleasant life
realized through the attainment of day-to-day pleasures that add fun, joy, and excitement to our lives
Good life
achieved through identifying our unique skills and abilities and engaging these talents to enrich our lives
Meaningful life
involves a deep sense of fulfillment that comes from using our talents in the service of the greater good
Positive affect
pleasurable engagement with the environment, such as happiness, joy, enthusiasm, alertness, and excitement
Psychopathology
the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology, and treatment
Etiology
causes of a psychological disorder
Diathesis-stress model
integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder
3 major learning pathways of phobias according to Rachman
classical conditioning, vicarious learning (modeling), verbal transmission
Locus coeruleus
the brain’s major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response
Persistent depressive disorder
previously known as dysthymia; chronically sad and melancholy, but do not meet all the criteria for major depression
Flight of ideas
abruptly switching from one topic to another
Rumination
the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms
Schizophrenia
major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior to the point where they are not able to function normally in life
Catatonic behaviors
show decreased reactivity to the environment, such as posturing, in which the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time
Dopamine hypothesis
proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
Ventricles
people with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles
Dissociative amnesia
unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience
Dissociative fugue
sometimes caused by dissociative amnesia; they suddenly wander away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity
Dissociative identity disorder
formerly called multiple personality disorder; exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another; Sybil book and movie about person with 16 personalities
Cluster A personality disorders
a personality style that is odd or eccentric
paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder
Cluster B personality disorders
impulsive, overly dramatic, highly emotional, and erratic
antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder
Cluster C personality disorders
appear to be nervous and fearful
avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (which is not the same thing as obsessive-compulsive disorder)
Schizoid (A)
lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others; aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment
Schizotypal (A)
exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior; shows suspiciousness or paranoia
Histrionic (B)
excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical
Neurodevelopmental disorders
developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning
